W. F. Laurance et al. Supplemental Information, page 7
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figure 1. Distribution of 21 permanent study plots in undisturbed forest in the central Amazon, about 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil. Gray areas are intact rainforest and white areas are a mosaic of secondary forest and cattle pastures. Three plots (3304.8, 3304.9, 2303.6) are located in the centers of large (110-115 ha), unlogged and unhunted forest fragments, which were isolated from nearby forest between 1983 and 1990. All plots are located ≥ 300 m from the nearest forest edge, which is the furthest distance at which edge effects influencing forest dynamics and biomass have been detected. The fragment plots are located 350-450 m from the nearest forest edge.
Supplementary Figure 2. Distribution of inter-plot distances for the 18 plots in this study (not including the three plots of A. Oliveira). Inter-plot distances ranged from 200 to 30200 m, with an overall mean of 8600 m.
Supplementary Table 1. Data on 115 relatively abundant tree genera in central Amazonia, showing their percent change in density and basal area over a ca. 15-year period, growth form, successional status, median and maximum growth rate, annualized mortality and recruitment rate, and mean and maximum trunk diameter (DBH). Summary statistics for genera that increased (n=28) and decreased (n=76) in density are shown at the bottom of the table. Data on growth form and successional status were gleaned from an extensive survey of literature and online resources (dashed lines indicate data were unavailable); all other data were derived from our long-term study.
Change / Change / Median / Max. / Mortal. / Recruit. / Mean / Max.in density / in basal / Growth / Success. / growth / growth / rate / rate / DBH / DBH
Genus / Family / (%) / area (%) / form / status / (mm/yr) / (mm/yr) / (%/yr) / (%/yr) / (cm) / (cm)
Abarema / Leguminosae / -8.3 / 2.2 / ------/ Old-growth / 1.26 / 3.57 / 0.8 / 0.53 / 25.28 / 64
Aiouea / Lauraceae / 0 / 11 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.78 / 4.54 / 1.35 / 1.12 / 20.3 / 27.6
Amphirrhox / Violaceae / -10.3 / -12.7 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.12 / 0.38 / 1.42 / 0.47 / 12.37 / 19.4
Anacardium / Anacardiaceae / -15 / -13.2 / Canopy / Success. / 1.91 / 4.55 / 1.68 / 0.99 / 38.58 / 87.1
Andira / Leguminosae / -4.8 / -0.9 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.71 / 1.85 / 0.34 / 0 / 19.54 / 85.5
Aniba / Lauraceae / -7.9 / 4.5 / Canopy / Success. / 0.91 / 2.24 / 1.55 / 0.74 / 18.86 / 38.7
Anisophyllea / Anisophyllaceae / 0 / -6.1 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.67 / 2.03 / 0.91 / 0.44 / 24.02 / 43.6
Aspidosperma / Apocynaceae / -13.3 / -9.2 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1 / 3.2 / 1.03 / 0 / 36.56 / 101.5
Bocageopsis / Annonaceae / -4.9 / 10.1 / ------/ Old-growth / 1.7 / 2.67 / 1.12 / 0.49 / 19.63 / 34
Bocoa / Leguminosae / -8.3 / -1.5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.28 / 1.37 / 0.64 / 0.28 / 17.37 / 47
Brosimum / Moraceae / -8.1 / 2.1 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.92 / 3.22 / 0.52 / 0.53 / 29.63 / 85.3
Buchenavia / Combretaceae / 3.8 / 10.3 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.63 / 3.29 / 0.35 / 0.69 / 26.85 / 78.2
Byrsonima / Malpighiaceae / -19 / -14 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.01 / 2.26 / 2.8 / 0.66 / 15.61 / 27.8
Calyptranthes / Myrtaceae / -9.5 / 2.5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.52 / 1.06 / 1.04 / 0.68 / 15.62 / 22.7
Cariniana / Lecythidaceae / -11.8 / 7.9 / Emerg. / Old-growth / 2.05 / 3.12 / 0.82 / 0 / 36.36 / 78.4
Caryocar / Caryocaraceae / 8.3 / 8.8 / Emerg. / Old-growth / 1.61 / 3.93 / 0.25 / 0.73 / 43.96 / 157.9
Casearia / Flacourtiaceae / 8.3 / 18.2 / ------/ ------/ 0.67 / 2.54 / 1.16 / 1.57 / 15.88 / 36.5
Chimarrhis / Rubiaceae / -7.1 / -13.8 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.55 / 6.94 / 0.47 / 0 / 28.24 / 82.3
Chrysophyllum / Sapotaceae / -5.7 / -2.7 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.87 / 3.02 / 0.76 / 0.38 / 25.35 / 60.3
Conceveiba / Euphorbiaceae / 2.4 / 6.5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 1.12 / 3 / 0.29 / 0.57 / 23.71 / 57.4
Cordia / Boraginaceae / -6.7 / -16.3 / Subcan. / ------/ 0.35 / 1.31 / 1.78 / 1.26 / 13.5 / 26.5
Corythophora / Lecythidaceae / 9.8 / 12 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.09 / 2.23 / 0.13 / 0.64 / 30.97 / 59.1
Couma / Apocynaceae / 0 / 14.4 / Canopy / Success. / 1.96 / 2.89 / 0 / 0 / 18.98 / 53
Couepia / Chrysobalanaceae / -8.9 / 10.8 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.07 / 2.47 / 0.85 / 0.68 / 31.85 / 53.7
Couratari / Lecythidaceae / 7.1 / 7.6 / Emerg. / Success. / 0.47 / 1.51 / 0 / 0.44 / 22.57 / 69
Coussarea / Rubiaceae / -16.2 / -7.2 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.58 / 1.23 / 2.55 / 1.08 / 13.22 / 34.8
Croton / Euphorbiaceae / -35 / -14.5 / Subcan. / Pioneer / 2.65 / 7.9 / 3.41 / 0.69 / 26.11 / 51.7
Dipteryx / Leguminosae / 0 / 7.2 / Emerg. / Old-growth / 0.9 / 2.73 / 0.24 / 0.23 / 36.67 / 82.6
Drypetes / Euphorbiaceae / 5 / 0.5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.62 / 2.61 / 0.66 / 0.96 / 17.88 / 31
Duckeodendron / Duckeodendraceae / -5.6 / -14.8 / Emerg. / Old-growth / 0.85 / 6.92 / 0.43 / 0 / 55.46 / 153.2
Duguetia / Annonaceae / -7.7 / -10.7 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.38 / 1.74 / 1.15 / 0.69 / 15.87 / 33.1
Duroia / Rubiaceae / -18.2 / -13 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.39 / 1.98 / 1.77 / 0.36 / 13.85 / 22.5
Ecclinusa / Sapotaceae / 2.5 / 13.8 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.96 / 2.62 / 0.59 / 0.59 / 24.79 / 69.8
Endopleura / Humiriaceae / -16.7 / -30.3 / Canopy / Old-growth / 2.38 / 4.1 / 1.75 / 0.57 / 28.44 / 57.8
Eperua / Leguminosae / -7.1 / -3.6 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 1.09 / 2.9 / 0.86 / 0.37 / 28.95 / 62
Ephedranthus / Annonaceae / -11.8 / -2.6 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.43 / 2.34 / 1.71 / 1.23 / 11.58 / 16.3
Erisma / Vochysiaceae / 9.7 / 18.3 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.81 / 6.61 / 0.22 / 1.05 / 34.78 / 100.4
Eschweilera / Lecythidaceae / 4 / 7 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.78 / 2.44 / 0.61 / 0.78 / 20.81 / 122
Eugenia / Myrtaceae / -10 / 5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.72 / 2.12 / 1.39 / 0.38 / 15.93 / 41.6
Euterpe / Arecaceae / -25.8 / -30.6 / ------/ Old-growth / 0 / 0.71 / 3.94 / 6.27 / 12.2 / 16.6
Fusaea / Annonaceae / 2.4 / 2.9 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.38 / 1.27 / 2.2 / 1.83 / 12.6 / 27.6
Geissospermum / Apocynaceae / 1.7 / 3.1 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.55 / 2.4 / 0 / 0.12 / 36.83 / 77.5
Goupia / Celastraceae / -8 / 9.4 / Emerg. / Pioneer / 1.84 / 3.59 / 0.47 / 0 / 43.7 / 106
Guarea / Meliaceae / -8.9 / -6.7 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.4 / 1.53 / 1.35 / 0.76 / 16.46 / 37
Guatteria / Annonaceae / 30.3 / 43.8 / ------/ Old-growth / 2.55 / 8.9 / 1.79 / 3.49 / 18.47 / 38.3
Heisteria / Olacaceae / -25 / -19.4 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.56 / 1.34 / 1.96 / 0 / 18.42 / 34.5
Helianthostylis / Moraceae / -5.8 / -4.6 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.19 / 0.65 / 0.38 / 0.25 / 12.15 / 17
Helicostylis / Moraceae / -14.3 / -0.3 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.87 / 2.29 / 1.19 / 0.24 / 21.48 / 45.2
Hevea / Euphorbiaceae / 6.9 / 9.1 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.88 / 2.42 / 0.22 / 0.64 / 23.29 / 46.9
Hirtella / Chrysobalanaceae / -13 / -2.9 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.56 / 2.31 / 0.85 / 0.14 / 17.29 / 41.7
Inga / Leguminosae / -1.8 / 12.3 / Subcan. / ------/ 1.85 / 6.15 / 1.67 / 1.45 / 19.05 / 51.1
Iryanthera / Myristicaceae / -16.3 / -5 / Subcan. / ------/ 0.44 / 1.27 / 1.09 / 0.08 / 16.82 / 44.3
Jacaranda / Bignoniaceae / -7.7 / 7.6 / Canopy / Pioneer / 0.9 / 2.48 / 1.66 / 0 / 19.35 / 30.8
Lacistema / Lacistemaceae / -11.8 / -7.5 / Subcan. / ------/ 1.11 / 2.34 / 6.13 / 1.98 / 15.57 / 24.8
Lacunaria / Quiinaceae / -36.4 / -40.3 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.53 / 8.93 / 2.72 / 0 / 15.76 / 24
Lecythis / Lecythidaceae / -1.6 / 2.8 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.64 / 2.24 / 0.35 / 0.29 / 28.85 / 136.5
Licania / Chrysobalanaceae / -11 / 3.1 / ------/ Old-growth / 1.32 / 3.04 / 0.87 / 0.52 / 22.23 / 67.3
Licaria / Lauraceae / 5.3 / 17.2 / Canopy / ------/ 1.18 / 3.06 / 0.82 / 0.99 / 19.94 / 57.7
Lueheopsis / Tiliaceae / 7.1 / 6.5 / Canopy / ------/ 1.04 / 3.85 / 0 / 0.79 / 25.14 / 49
Mabea / Euphorbiaceae / -1.8 / 6.6 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.34 / 1.61 / 1.32 / 1.05 / 13.42 / 28.1
Macrolobium / Leguminosae / 0 / 0.1 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.81 / 2.73 / 0.95 / 0.49 / 20.31 / 56.1
Manilkara / Sapotaceae / -1.4 / -0.2 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.82 / 3.02 / 0.55 / 0.56 / 30.04 / 100.6
Maquira / Moraceae / -5.3 / 9.9 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.62 / 2.78 / 0.17 / 0.52 / 23.35 / 61.3
Mezilaurus / Lauraceae / -3.7 / 4 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.44 / 1.2 / 0.25 / 0 / 20.66 / 56
Miconia / Melastomataceae / 26.5 / 13.9 / Subcan. / Pioneer / 1.74 / 7.71 / 5.89 / 6.78 / 16.91 / 44.6
Micropholis / Sapotaceae / -2.9 / -6.5 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.03 / 3.35 / 1.14 / 0.95 / 24.45 / 61.4
Minquartia / Olacaceae / 0 / 8.9 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.95 / 2.54 / 0.54 / 0.38 / 23.47 / 79.9
Mouriri / Memecylaceae / -14.8 / -9.2 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.46 / 2.69 / 1.56 / 0.53 / 19.55 / 56.2
Myrcia / Myrtaceae / -17.5 / -18 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.73 / 1.92 / 2.31 / 1.16 / 15.91 / 29.4
Naucleopsis / Moraceae / -17.8 / -9.2 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.4 / 1.17 / 1.26 / 1.26 / 13.1 / 38.3
Neea / Nyctaginaceae / -1.9 / -0.5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.31 / 1.79 / 0.52 / 0.39 / 18.87 / 67.6
Ocotea / Lauraceae / -7.9 / -4.4 / Subcan. / Success. / 1.3 / 3.61 / 1.51 / 0.87 / 21.27 / 89.2
Oenocarpus / Arecaceae / -32.3 / -29.1 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.15 / 1.14 / 2.94 / 1.47 / 14.97 / 25.8
Onychopetalum / Annonaceae / 5.9 / 11.7 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.13 / 2.13 / 0.31 / 0.6 / 19.88 / 32.6
Osteophloeum / Myristicaceae / -7.7 / -35.4 / ------/ Old-growth / 1.13 / 3.44 / 1.49 / 0.91 / 29.8 / 65
Ouratea / Ochnaceae / -28.6 / -17.3 / ------/ Old-growth / 1.24 / 3.18 / 2.85 / 0.88 / 16.13 / 27.6
Paramachaerium / Leguminosae / -4.4 / -0.3 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.62 / 2.34 / 0.77 / 0.48 / 19.95 / 48.1
Parinari / Chrysobalanaceae / -9.1 / 14.3 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.97 / 4.54 / 0.57 / 0.54 / 33.42 / 69.1
Parkia / Leguminosae / 2.8 / 22 / ------/ Old-growth / 3.12 / 7.46 / 0.97 / 1.11 / 31.05 / 110
Paypayrola / Violaceae / -7.1 / -20.5 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.45 / 1.29 / 1.39 / 0.88 / 13.42 / 22
Peltogyne / Leguminosae / 4 / 15.9 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.76 / 3.08 / 0.52 / 0.75 / 25.36 / 58.1
Pera / Euphorbiaceae / 0 / 2.9 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.77 / 1.93 / 0 / 0 / 26.47 / 61
Pourouma / Cecropiaceae / -9.5 / -2.8 / Canopy / Pioneer / 2.76 / 7.49 / 2.49 / 2.02 / 20.5 / 46.3
Pouteria / Sapotaceae / -2.5 / 1.4 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.89 / 2.47 / 0.79 / 0.54 / 22.69 / 78.9
Protium / Burseraceae / -4.8 / -3 / ------/ Success. / 0.91 / 2.63 / 1.87 / 1.51 / 16.46 / 66
Pseudolmedia / Moraceae / -10.7 / -7.1 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.48 / 1.6 / 0.81 / 0.18 / 18.84 / 49
Pseudopiptadenia / Leguminosae / 0 / -3.7 / Emerg. / Old-growth / 2.31 / 5.05 / 0.38 / 0.37 / 32.16 / 55.5
Qualea / Vochysiaceae / 8.9 / 7.8 / Emerg. / Old-growth / 1.79 / 4.07 / 0.39 / 0.9 / 35.2 / 91
Quiina / Quiinaceae / -29 / -28.1 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.58 / 1.69 / 2.67 / 0.25 / 14.53 / 21.8
Rhodostemonodaphne / Lauraceae / 0 / -12.4 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.5 / 2.7 / 1.42 / 1.01 / 20.68 / 45
Rinorea / Violaceae / 0.9 / 2.2 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.56 / 1.77 / 1.41 / 1.36 / 16.42 / 35.6
Sacoglottis / Humiriaceae / -9.5 / -13.4 / Canopy / Old-growth / 2.12 / 4.59 / 1.67 / 0.63 / 25.66 / 68.9
Sarcaulus / Sapotaceae / 0 / 14.4 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.73 / 1.79 / 0.79 / 0.52 / 17.84 / 28.4
Sclerolobium / Leguminosae / 10.6 / 76.6 / Canopy / Old-growth / 4.76 / 14.03 / 0.91 / 1.61 / 27.88 / 90.8
Scleronema / Bombacaceae / 3.4 / 9.3 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.62 / 3.8 / 0.52 / 0.68 / 27.96 / 94
Sextonia / Lauraceae / -11.1 / -38.5 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.71 / 4.46 / 2.34 / 1.37 / 35.89 / 79.1
Simaba / Simaroubaceae / 7.7 / 65.8 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.56 / 1.62 / 0.88 / 1.25 / 13.43 / 18.8
Siparuna / Siparunaceae / -10 / -11.9 / Subcan. / ------/ 0.19 / 1.77 / 1.1 / 0.65 / 16.16 / 45
Sloanea / Elaeocarpaceae / -9 / 0.5 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.61 / 3.43 / 0.87 / 0.25 / 21.41 / 118.6
Sterculia / Sterculiaceae / 0 / 23.4 / Canopy / Old-growth / 0.72 / 4 / 0.44 / 0.29 / 19.24 / 39.1
Stryphnodendron / Leguminosae / -9.1 / -2.6 / Canopy / Old-growth / 2.33 / 5.05 / 1.59 / 1.16 / 26.65 / 57.5
Swartzia / Leguminosae / -1.1 / 4.8 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.73 / 3.38 / 0.65 / 0.68 / 21.59 / 124
Tachigali / Leguminosae / -18.5 / 24 / Canopy / Old-growth / 2 / 7.13 / 1.62 / 0.51 / 21.11 / 80.5
Talisia / Sapindaceae / -15.8 / -19.4 / Subcan. / ------/ 0.62 / 2.75 / 1.21 / 0 / 16.26 / 34.7
Tapura / Dichapetalaceae / 3.6 / 9.7 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.32 / 1.2 / 0.47 / 0.67 / 17.81 / 39
Tetragastris / Burseraceae / -15 / -9.1 / Canopy / Success. / 0.87 / 1.84 / 1.2 / 0.13 / 22.44 / 41.3
Theobroma / Sterculiaceae / -4.3 / 2.9 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.15 / 0.59 / 0.92 / 0.6 / 11.96 / 21.1
Trattinnickia / Burseraceae / 13.3 / 13.6 / Canopy / Old-growth / 1.1 / 2.54 / 0.45 / 0.89 / 23.71 / 40.5
Trichilia / Meliaceae / -13.5 / -14 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.67 / 1.53 / 2.52 / 1.35 / 15.28 / 37.7
Trymatococcus / Moraceae / -4.8 / -2.1 / Subcan. / ------/ 0.25 / 1.04 / 0.58 / 1.4 / 16.51 / 23.4
Unonopsis / Annonaceae / -15.3 / -1.9 / Subcan. / Old-growth / 0.86 / 1.74 / 1.07 / 0.93 / 15.64 / 27.4
Vantanea / Humiriaceae / -2.9 / 18.1 / Canopy / Old-growth / 2.03 / 4.47 / 0.46 / 0.09 / 24.26 / 59.4
Virola / Myristicaceae / -14 / 0.3 / Canopy / Success. / 0.73 / 2.47 / 1.53 / 0.49 / 18.27 / 49.5
Xylopia / Annonaceae / -6.5 / -1.2 / ------/ Old-growth / 1.76 / 3.68 / 1.88 / 1.47 / 22.3 / 36.5
Zygia / Leguminosae / 9.3 / 6.1 / ------/ Old-growth / 0.73 / 2.97 / 0.52 / 1.43 / 20.49 / 57.5
Increasing genera mean: / 7.554 / 15.721 / ------/ ------/ 1.269 / 3.752 / 0.805 / 1.211 / 24.09 / 63.96
Increasing genera SD: / 6.551 / 17.426 / ------/ ------/ 0.935 / 2.766 / 1.105 / 1.233 / 7.382 / 31.81
Decreasing genera mean: / -11.137 / -5.749 / ------/ ------/ 0.936 / 2.871 / 1.429 / 0.756 / 21.39 / 53.64
Decreasing genera SD: / 7.728 / 12.581 / ------/ ------/ 0.641 / 1.781 / 0.976 / 0.951 / 8.02 / 29.2
Main sources for data on tree growth form and successional status: