The 18 food items included 2 kinds of livestock meat: pork and beef; 2 types of poultry meat: chicken and duck; 4 kinds of seawater fish including silver pomfret (Trachinotus blochii), reeves shad (Tenualosa reevesii), smallhead hairtail (Lepturacanthus savala) and large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea), 7 kinds of freshwater fish including grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), Wuchang fish (Megalobrama amblycephala), crucian carp (Carassius aumtus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), northern snakehead (Channa argus), mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and 3 kinds of shellfish including clam (Mactra chinensis), snail (Bellamya) and Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

Table S1 The concentrations (pg/g ww) of PBDEs in animal-based foods from markets in Shanghai, China (n=10)

Food items / BDE17 / BDE28 / BDE71 / BDE47 / BDE66 / BDE100 / BDE99 / BDE85 / BDE154 / BDE153 / BDE138 / BDE183 / BDE190 / ∑13CPBDE
Pork / 0.1 / 0.4 / 0 / 21.3 / 0 / 0.1 / 2.4 / 0 / 0.5 / 0.8 / 1.2 / 2.8 / 2.8 / 32.4
Beef / 0.2 / 0.5 / 0.2 / 18.5 / 0.2 / 0.9 / 1.6 / 0 / 0.3 / 1 / 0.8 / 0.2 / 0.6 / 25
Chicken / 0.5 / 0.8 / 0.7 / 38.8 / 0.6 / 1 / 5.6 / 0.1 / 0.8 / 3.4 / 0.9 / 2.7 / 1.2 / 57.1
Duck / 0.1 / 1.1 / 0.3 / 38.9 / 0.1 / 0.4 / 2.1 / 0.2 / 1 / 3 / 1.2 / 6.4 / 7 / 61.8
Grass carp / 1.5 / 6.1 / 0.9 / 48.2 / 1 / 4 / 3.4 / 1.7 / 6 / 2.8 / 2 / 1.6 / 1.7 / 80.9
Crucian carp / 1.8 / 13.5 / 0 / 68.4 / 0.1 / 7.5 / 9.4 / 0.5 / 5.7 / 1.2 / 0.6 / 2 / 0.6 / 111.3
Bighead carp / 2 / 4.8 / 0 / 17.6 / 0 / 3.7 / 0.9 / 0.3 / 4.2 / 1.7 / 1.4 / 1.3 / 2.3 / 40.2
Northern snakehead / 5.8 / 17.7 / 1.1 / 101.6 / 4 / 12.7 / 1.7 / 0 / 25.5 / 5.5 / 2.2 / 4 / 1.8 / 183.6
Japanese seabass / 20.2 / 21.4 / 0 / 129.1 / 16.3 / 20.8 / 21 / 0 / 39.3 / 15.1 / 2.2 / 4.2 / 2 / 291.6
Wuchang fish / 1.3 / 7.6 / 0 / 18.8 / 0.5 / 2.4 / 0.9 / 0.4 / 8.4 / 4.1 / 1.3 / 1.8 / 2.5 / 50
Mandarin fish / 7.6 / 28.3 / 4 / 239.8 / 3.4 / 35.9 / 2.9 / 0 / 70.3 / 20.1 / 3.2 / 1.3 / 2.5 / 419.3
Silver pomfret / 6.4 / 7.8 / 0.2 / 144 / 5 / 23.7 / 23.4 / 1.2 / 12.9 / 5.6 / 0.5 / 3.8 / 0.5 / 235
Large yellow croaker / 19.6 / 27.9 / 0 / 263.1 / 45.1 / 27 / 13 / 0.2 / 77.8 / 31.7 / 0.6 / 9.1 / 0.6 / 515.7
Smallhead hairtail / 5.4 / 20.8 / 13.7 / 203.6 / 22.3 / 26.2 / 10.8 / 0 / 34 / 16 / 2.1 / 1.2 / 2.7 / 358.8
Reeves shad / 1.8 / 3.4 / 0.5 / 22.7 / 2.7 / 7.3 / 2.7 / 0.5 / 5.3 / 5 / 2.2 / 7.1 / 0.6 / 61.8
Pacific white shrimp / 0.3 / 1.1 / 0.3 / 8.1 / 0.6 / 1.4 / 2.7 / 0.5 / 1.8 / 2.3 / 2.1 / 2.2 / 2.7 / 26.1
Clam / 4.6 / 15.4 / 0.9 / 56.2 / 4.5 / 5.5 / 11.3 / 0.6 / 6.9 / 7.9 / 3 / 6.1 / 1.3 / 124.2
Snail / 1.1 / 2.1 / 0.6 / 19.2 / 2.1 / 4.1 / 16.4 / 0.7 / 4.8 / 11.3 / 9.5 / 5.6 / 10 / 87.5

Table S2 The concentrations (ng/g ww) of PAHs in animal-based foods from markets in Shanghai, China (n=10)

Food items / Acel / Ace / Flu / Phe / An / Fla / Pyr / BaA / Chry / BbF / BkF / BaP / IcdP / DahA / BghiP / Σ15PAHs / ΣB[a]Peq
Pork / 0.045 / 0.086 / 0.406 / 0.808 / 0.087 / 0.45 / 0.346 / 0.035 / 0.088 / 0.034 / 0.028 / 0.008 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.002 / 2.425 / 0.022111
Beef / 0.046 / 0.102 / 0.364 / 0.707 / 0.063 / 0.342 / 0.45 / 0.054 / 0.125 / 0.05 / 0.048 / 0.02 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.002 / 2.375 / 0.039611
Chicken / 0.032 / 0.082 / 0.303 / 0.679 / 0.068 / 0.36 / 0.527 / 0.053 / 0.165 / 0.046 / 0.029 / 0.011 / 0.007 / 0.003 / 0.003 / 2.368 / 0.030043
Duck / 0.068 / 0.109 / 0.522 / 0.944 / 0.398 / 0.391 / 0.544 / 0.203 / 0.077 / 0.103 / 0.098 / 0.023 / 0.002 / 0.001 / 0.004 / 3.487 / 0.071368
Grass carp / 0.144 / 0.196 / 1.15 / 2.13 / 0.18 / 1.19 / 1.03 / 0.037 / 0.153 / 0.04 / 0.033 / 0.021 / 0.005 / 0.003 / 0.036 / 6.348 / 0.04323
Crucian carp / 0.158 / 0.265 / 1.53 / 2028 / 0.684 / 0.835 / 0.758 / 0.031 / 0.169 / 0.025 / 0.02 / 0.013 / 0.005 / 0.01 / 0.006 / 2032.5 / 2.065236
Bighead carp / 0.207 / 0.313 / 1.19 / 1.94 / 0.206 / 0.456 / 0.54 / 0.006 / 0.048 / 0.012 / 0.011 / 0.008 / 0.006 / 0.001 / 0.03 / 4.974 / 0.019386
Northern snakehead / 0.155 / 0.248 / 0.936 / 1.66 / 0.216 / 0.562 / 0.865 / 0.016 / 0.094 / 0.014 / 0.013 / 0.014 / 0.007 / 0.006 / 0.044 / 4.85 / 0.029366
Japanese seabass / 0.41 / 0.444 / 2.39 / 4.5 / 0.419 / 2.4 / 1.98 / 0.036 / 0.293 / 0.049 / 0.044 / 0.022 / 0.017 / 0.004 / 0.09 / 13.098 / 0.058344
Wuchang fish / 0.267 / 0.403 / 2.13 / 2.6 / 0.263 / 0.851 / 0.637 / 0.022 / 0.105 / 0.027 / 0.022 / 0.014 / 0.008 / 0.005 / 0.022 / 7.376 / 0.034688
Mandarin fish / 0.155 / 0.264 / 1.02 / 2.34 / 0.198 / 0.653 / 0.58 / 0.018 / 0.109 / 0.025 / 0.022 / 0.009 / 0.005 / 0.016 / 0.025 / 5.439 / 0.030732
Silver pomfret / 0.076 / 0.129 / 0.683 / 1.71 / 0.166 / 1.17 / 1.48 / 0.05 / 0.224 / 0.051 / 0.042 / 0.014 / 0.006 / 0.001 / 0.031 / 5.833 / 0.038758
Large yellow croaker / 0.197 / 0.268 / 1.04 / 1.94 / 0.272 / 0.545 / 0.935 / 0.026 / 0.078 / 0.023 / 0.02 / 0.011 / 0.009 / 0.004 / 0.012 / 5.38 / 0.028945
Smallhead hairtail / 0.102 / 0.135 / 0.597 / 1.38 / 0.096 / 0.855 / 0.948 / 0.036 / 0.14 / 0.028 / 0.025 / 0.017 / 0.014 / 0.005 / 0.023 / 4.401 / 0.035907
Reeves shad / 0.074 / 0.165 / 0.585 / 1.41 / 0.084 / 0.542 / 1.01 / 0.022 / 0.094 / 0.028 / 0.024 / 0.019 / 0.014 / 0.003 / 0.035 / 4.109 / 0.034916
Pacific white shrimp / 0.087 / 0.191 / 0.643 / 1.31 / 0.111 / 0.523 / 0.612 / 0.027 / 0.095 / 0.026 / 0.022 / 0.014 / 0.01 / 0.003 / 0.028 / 3.702 / 0.029406
Clam / 0.118 / 0.28 / 0.863 / 2.74 / 0.269 / 8.89 / 3.63 / 0.857 / 6.55 / 1.69 / 1.46 / 0.372 / 0.477 / 0.078 / 0.581 / 28.855 / 0.942121
Snail / 0.233 / 0.453 / 2.04 / 5.15 / 0.598 / 10.7 / 8.78 / 2 / 8.5 / 3.25 / 2.58 / 0.542 / 0.341 / 0.06 / 1.81 / 47.037 / 1.519536

Table S3 The concentrations (ng/g ww) of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs in animal-based foods from markets in Shanghai, China (n=10)

Food items / PCBs(ngg-1) / DDTs(ngg-1) / HCHs(ngg-1)
Mean / Range / Mean / Range / Mean / Range
Pork / 0.034 / 0.004-0.0917 / 0.33 / 0.09-0.89 / 0.06 / 0-0.21
Beef / 0.121 / 0.0036-0.550 / 0.58 / 0.2-0.98 / 0.25 / 0.03-1.16
Chicken / 0.031 / 0.0068-0.0703 / 0.48 / 0.12-0.88 / 0.09 / 0.01-0.28
Duck / 0.184 / 0-1.223 / 0.41 / 0.06-0.93 / 0.21 / 0.03-0.98
Grass carp / 0.126 / 0.0455-0.261 / 6.4 / 1.66-13.6 / 0.74 / 0.09-2.39
Crucian carp / 0.232 / 0.015-0.703 / 6.95 / 1.89-16.5 / 0.57 / 0.10-2.19
Bighead carp / 0.121 / 0.0095-0.786 / 2.33 / 0.51-5.96 / 0.29 / 0.01-1.44
Northern snakehead / 0.318 / 0.0906-0.574 / 7.48 / 1.54-25.2 / 0.56 / 0.12-1.43
Japanese seabass / 0.511 / 0.1328-1.047 / 16.3 / 9.73-24.9 / 0.65 / 0.15-1.1
Wuchang fish / 0.137 / 0.0287-0.265 / 2.41 / 1.03-5.76 / 0.38 / 0.21-0.6
Mandarin fish / 0.693 / 0.3196-1.555 / 4.26 / 1.59-9.28 / 4.47 / 0.27-25.9
Silver pomfret / - / - / 48.0 / 1.28-340.1 / 0.25 / 0.07-0.67
Large yellow croaker / 1.502 / 0.323.3-3.734 / 123.7 / 72.1-158.8 / 1.07 / 0.20-1.43
Smallhead hairtail / 0.284 / 0.1152-0.599 / 12.4 / 1.25-61.6 / 0.09 / 0.02-0.4
Reeves shad / 0.375 / 0.0001-0.669 / 11.3 / 2.09-27.9 / 0.09 / 0.01-0.2
Pacific white shrimp / 0.0787 / 0.0142-0.149 / 0.82 / 0.1-2.43 / 0.12 / 0-0.45
Clam / 0.0614 / 0.0001-0.384 / 8.1 / 3.86-13.2 / 0.49 / 0.08-1.21
Snail / 0.135 / 0.0075-0.302 / 4.57 / 1.11-10.4 / 0.13 / 0.05-0.31

-means no available data

Table S4 Concentrations (ng/g ww) of five trace elements in animal-based foods from markets in Shanghai, China (n=10)

Food items / Cr / Cd / Pb / As / Hg
Pork / 45.8 / 1.46 / 31.5 / 12.6 / 1.76
Beef / 0 / 1.27 / 15.0 / 0 / 1.19
Chicken / 52.0 / 0.818 / 35.8 / 0 / 1.93
Duck / 46.9 / 0.631 / 6.31 / 0 / 1.52
Grass carp / 0 / 1.32 / 3.9 / 0 / 1.91
Crucian carp / 48.7 / 1.23 / 22.5 / 0 / 4.59
Bighead carp / 22.6 / 0.601 / 17.2 / 0 / 12.6
Northern snakehead / 21.8 / 6.08 / 20.0 / 0 / 28.0
Japanese seabass / 39.2 / 0.446 / 8.73 / 43.2 / 13.9
Wuchang fish / 20.3 / 1.15 / 1.18 / 0 / 0.898
Mandarin fish / 27.6 / 0.288 / 1.88 / 0 / 53.8
Silver pomfret / 44.6 / 7.85 / 1.45 / 498 / 16.8
Large yellow croaker / 37.8 / 1.12 / 16.1 / 0 / 17.0
Smallhead hairtail / 28.6 / 5.66 / 1.27 / 145 / 65.2
Reeves shad / 55.0 / 16.6 / 8.44 / 32.4 / 10.2
Pacific white shrimp / 71.1 / 6.08 / 10.6 / 118 / 19.4
Clam / 101 / 24.8 / 132 / 197 / 11.4
Snail / 39.8 / 7.18 / 747 / 69.3 / 10.0

Table S5 The contaminant intestinal absorption rate (ARm) estimated using bioaccessibility measured in vitro

Chemicals / ARm(%)a / References / elements / ARm(%) / References
PBDEs / 7×Clipid / Yu et al., 2011 / Cr / 55 / Navarro et al., 2008
PCBs / 3.96×Clipid / Li et al., 2011 / As / 75 (33-97)b / García-Rico et al., 2012; He et al., 2010
DDTs / 1.11×Clipid+37.4 / Pang, 2012 / Hg / 64
HCHs / 1.11×Clipid+37.4 / Pang, 2012 / Cd / 75(20-93.2)c / Amiard et al., 2008;
PAHs / 1.9×Clipid+34.2 / Yu et al., 2012a / Pb / 33 / Amiard et al., 2008

a The bioaccessibility of the chemicals was calculted based on the lipid contents of the fish species.

b After a comprehensive investigation on the basis of the bioaccessibility of As reported in the literature, and the similar bioaccessibility of As and Cd reported by He et al. (2010), 75 % was used for As bioaccessibility.

c After a comprehensive investigation on the basis of the bioaccessibility of Cd reported in the literature, 75% was used in the present study.

Table S6 The CSF and RfD values of PBDEs, PCBs, OCPs, PAHs, and toxic trace elements

Chemicals / RfD(mg/kg/day) / CSF[(mg/kg/day)-1] / EPA carcinogen classification
PBDEsa / 0.007 / 0.0007 / Dk
PCBsb / 2×10-5 / 2 / B
DDTsc / 5×10-4 / 0.34 / B
HCHsd / 3×10-4(γ-HCH) / 1.3(γ-HCH) / B,C,Dl
PAHs / 0.03f / 7.3i / Bm
Ase / 3×10-4 / 1.5, 25.7j / A
Cr / 3×10-3g / D(VI)
Hg / 1×10-4h / - / C,Dn
Cd / 1×10-3 / - / B
Pb / 4×10-3 / - / B

Source: Integrated Risk Information System.

a The data for CSF and RfD were stemmed for BDE 209; b The data for CSF and RfD were from literature; c The RfD value listed is for DDT, in the present study we used this as the RfD value of DDTs; d There are no RfD and CSF values for total HCHs. The RfD and CSF values listed are γ- and β-HCH, respectively, and the values were used for HCHs; e The data of CSF and RfD listed is for inorganicAs;f Data is not available in the EPA’s IRIS for B[a]P. However, the RfD in the EPA’s IRIS for Flu, Pyr, Nap and Anth are 0.04, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.3, respectively. In the present study, the value of 0.03 was used for RfD of PAHs;gThe data (25.7) listed is for Cr (VI); h The data listed is for MeHg; iThe data listed is for B[a]P;jThe data was cited in EPA/635/R-10/001 (2010).k D listed is forpenta-and octBDEs;l B,C,D listed for α-HCH, β-HCH andδ-HCH, respectively; m B listed is for B[a]P; n C,D listed is for MeHg and elemental Hg, respectively.