McElhaney2015-16APUSH

American History: Connecting with the Pastby Alan Brinkley

Brinkley Chapter 1, “Collision of Cultures”

Pgs 1-33

Essay Prompts:

  1. Analyze the differences between the Spanish settlements in the Southwest and the English colonies in New England in the seventeenth century in terms of TWO of the following:
  • Politics
  • Religion
  • Economic development
  1. “Geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies in North America”
  • Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600’s.
  1. “The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England.”
  • Assess the validity of this statement.

Key Terms to Know for the Test

Bearing Straits
Maya
Aztec
Inca
Woodland Indians
Henry the Navigator
Columbus
Amerigo Vespucci
Conquistadores
St. Augustine, Florida 1565
Santa Fe 1609
Mercantilism
Columbian Exchange
Peninsulare
Mestizo
Zambo
John Cabbot 1497
Charter Companies
Hakluyt
John Calvin
Predestination
Puritans
Separatists
Gilbert / Plantations
New France
Quebec
Coureurs de Bois
Algonquin
Huron
St. Lawrence River
Iroquois
Champlain
New Netherlands
New Amsterdam
Henry Hudson
Dutch West India Company
Joint Stock Company
Roanoke 1585
Croatan
Virginia Dare
Sir Walter Raleigh
Jamestown 1607
Virginia Companies of London and Plymouth

Specifics of Chapter:

  • Pay attention to each picture and map (include amention of some of these in your notes)
  • Address the following specific items
  • You may skip things that I don’t ask you to read
  • Include page numbers in the notes you make
  • (It’s also ok to outline the entire chapter)
  1. Look at the picture and read the caption, “First Encounters…” What do you notice about the European view of Native Americans?

“America Before Columbus”

  1. How did first people arrive in America?

“Civilizations in the South”

  1. List main aspects of the Incas
  2. List main aspects of the Mayans

“Civilizations of the North”

  1. List main aspects of the Northern Native Populations (especially the Woodland Indians pg. 6)
  2. What do the Maps on pages 4 and 5 teach us?
  3. Outline Columbus’s career.
  4. Compare and contrast Cortez and Pizarro in a Venn Diagram
  5. List and describe the 3 Phases of Conquest.
  6. Copy the map on page 16 (not too much detail)

Read about the Spanish Empire organization- note

  1. The Pueblo Revolt
  2. Mercantilism
  3. Population of New Spain
  4. Describe the Biological and Cultural exchange- what components are most important?(list them)
  5. What’s the story with “Africa and America”
  6. Who is more important- Cabot or Hakluyt why?
  7. Reformation Ideas are really important- note- John Calvin, Predestination, English Reformation, Separatists,
  8. Why is Ireland important to the early development of English Colonial organization? (Gilbert)
  9. Summarize the Plantation model as the English used it?
  10. Summarize French settlement
  11. Summarize Dutch settlement
  12. Summarize the settlement of Roanoke

Chapter Outline

Page 8

“Commerce and Nationalism”

Why go west?

Incentive for Europeans to look for New Lands:

  • Population Growth (after the Black Death)
  • Economic Incentives
  • Land Problems in Europe
  • Navigation improved
  • Profit Motives
  • Trade Products
  • Competition
  • Markets
  • Political Consolidation in Europe- central governments
  • Nation states/Taxes ($)
  • Examples of early progress:
  • Marco Polo
  • Trade with East
  • Lots of Profit
  • Muslims interfering with Euro-trade/profits
  • Henry the Navigator
  • Portuguese
  • Sea Route to Asia
  • Religious motives for him

Pg. 9-11

Christopher Columbus

  • Background
  • Italian/Genoa
  • Worked for Portuguese
  • Then Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)
  • Columbus was a Christian fanatic
  • Voyages
  • 90 men, 3 ships, N, P, SM
  • 1st hit the Bahamas
  • Cuba (10 weeks later)
  • Then Hispaniola
  • Eventually the Coast of SA, where he finally figured out he was not in China
  • Hit Isthmus of Panama
  • Amerigo Vespucci –Portuguese

Pg. 12

  • Vasco De Balboa- crossed Isthmus de Panama, saw the Pacific (They were all probably pirates)
  • Ferdinand Magellan
  • Straits of Magellan in South Amirica
  • Pacific (named the Ocean)
  • Philippines (killed)
  • Treaty of Tordesillas- splits the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Protugal
  • Conquistadores
  • Go West for wealth

Cortez (1518)

  • Big source is Bernal Diaz he went with Cortez and wrote a memoir years later.The True Story of the Conquest of New Spain
  • Duran Codex- was a documentation/history of the conquest using native sources of information… written by a Spanish Monk, who was very close to native society. Seems this source is biased to help educate missionaries to convert the Indians…
  • Other sources based on Native glyphs have been collected. List here

In Cuba for 14 years (1504)

Pg 14 the Aztecs

Tenochitlan (Map Pg. 13) What do we learn from about the era of conquest from this map?

Cortez begins the Conquest of Mexico in 1518 when he takes 600 men 11 ships to explore the coast of Mexico.

All of the factors contributed to the Spanish domination of the Aztecs:

  • Modern weapons, armor, gun powder, firearms, cannon, steal swords, crossbow, horses, disease
  • Cortez strategy- ally with disgruntled native tribes against the Aztecs
  • “God saw fit to send the Indians smallpox”
  • Lots of Brutality

Mexico had huge silver and gold resources:

The Mines of the new world “yielded more than ten times as much gold and silver as the rest of the world’s mines put together.” (pg.15)

  • Pizarro (1532-38) conquest of Peru and the Incas
  • De Soto (Leutenant of Pizarro) explored Florida and Mississippi valley
  • Francisco Coronado- explored North Mexico, Colorado, South West

“All Warfare and Disease”

Pg. 15

Spanish America

3 Phases of Spanish Empire:

  1. Discovery and Exploration till 1520s
  2. Conquest, dominating the Indians 1520 to 1570
  3. Colonization 1570s

Colonists

Church- Catholicism was the only allowed religion

Missions

Pg. 16 Map of Colonial Spanish America

Pg. 17 Northern Outposts

  • Spanish move into Florida at St. Augustine (1565)
  • New Mexico (1598)
  • Encomienda System -> Indians had to give labor tribute
  • Santé Fe 1609
  • Pueblo Indians were the main tribe in area
  • By 1680 there were only 2000 colonists living among 30,000 Pueblo Indians
  • Cattle and Sheep were important
  • Puebla Revolt 1680
  • Puebla Indians attack the Spanish
  • Spanish evacuate for 16 years
  • Hundreds of New Mexico colonists killed
  • Spanish return 1696
  • 1750 Spanish population was only 4000

“Empire at High Tide”

How was Spanish colonial organization unique?

  • Control
  • Extraction of gold and silver
  • Less agriculture
  • Mercantilism (pg. 18)
  • Rigid trading restrictions
  • Limited Economic development in the colony
  • Spanish did not “people” their Empire
  • Only 250,000 settlers in the first Century
  • Low population
  • Spanish served as the ruling class
  • Very Rigid Caste system

Biological and Cultural Exchanges= “The Columbian Exchange”

Consequences of Exposure-

  • Diseases (Indians had no immunity)
  • Small Pox #1
  • Influenza
  • Measles
  • Chicken Pox
  • Mumps
  • Typhus
  • After the first 50 years Natives in Caribbean were wiped out.

Pg. 19 Small Pox illustration (Aztec source WEB)

European Goods Introduced to New World:

  • Sugar
  • Bananas
  • Domestic Livestock
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Sheep
  • The Horse

American Crops New to Europe

  • Tobacco
  • Maize (corn)
  • Squash
  • Potatoes
  • Pumpkin
  • Peppers
  • Beans
  • Tomato
  • Sweet Potato

Colonial Society-

Indians adopt some aspects of European civilization- language and religion

The Spanish deliberately mixed some native aspects with the dominant Roman Catholic religion.

Mostly European men went to the New World

Europeans mixed with Indians mestizos

Pg. 20 There was a complex Racial Hierarchy

SpanishMestizoIndian

Indians primarily used for workforce/labor

Not slaves/Chattel, but debt of labor

1500’s Slaves from Africa started to arrive in the Caribean

From West Africa- Guinea (Sub-Sahara Africa)

½ of all new arrivals 1500-1800 were African

Sugarcane

Labor intensive

Dutch will be in control of Slave trade during 1600s

Pg. 21 Arrival of the English

John Cabot

Searching for Northwest Passage (to Asia by going Northwest)

1497 claimed Northern part of North America for England

Henry VIII

Pg 23 Charter Companies

Mercantilism

Big advocate was a guy named Hakluyt (Propagandist)

  • Arguments for obtaining colonies
  • Markets for overseas trade
  • Alleviate poverty
  • Siphoning off surplus of population
  • New Sources of raw materials

Religious Incentives

Reformation Ideas

Martin Luther

Bible not pope

Salvation through Faith

Pg. 25 John Calvin- Protestant theologian

  • Pre-destination
  • “God elected some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation. Each person’s destiny was determined before birth.”
  • “The way people led their lives might reveal to them their chances of salvation.”
  • Good lives/good work resulted in “signs of salvation”
  • Bad behavior = damnation
  • All this together created strong incentives to lead virtuous lives
  • Huguenots (French Calvinists)
  • Puritans (English Calvinists)

English Reformation:

  • 1529 Henry VIII- started the break from Rome
  • “Bloody Mary” daughter of Henry- returned to Roman Catholicism
  • Elizabeth I reinforced the Church of England
  • There were lots of Catholics still in England and conflict emerges
  • Protestant radicals emerge known as Puritans
  • Puritans
  • Separatists- Radical, Radical Puritans who want to purify and be separate from the Church of England

Pg. 27

  • James Stuart (James I) 1603
  • Takes over
  • Antagonized the Puritans
  • He was Pro-Catholic
  • Tension Rise
  • The Separatists who leave to America (known as the Pilgrims) will be among this radical group

“The English in Ireland”

  • 1st English Colony
  • 1560-70s English experience in Ireland will inform their experience in the New World
  • Especially how they deal with Indians…
  • They learn from the Irish how to deal with a hostile population

Sir Humphrey Gilbert in Ireland said, “Considered the natives less than human.”

Pg. 29 The Plantation Model

Separate society form natives

“People” the land that will be a colony.

The French and the Dutch in America

French

Mercantilism

Quebec 1608

Low population

Good relationship with Indians

Good trading relations with Indians

Course de Bois

Fur traders and trappers in North America

Traded with Algonquin and Huron

Pg. 30

St. Lawrence River

Iroquois Hostile to French and Algonquin

Dutch

  • Leading trading nation
  • Europe, Asia, America, Africa
  • Huge Merchant fleet
  • Prominent in Slave trade
  • Henry Hudson 1609
  • Sailed up the Hudson River
  • Looking for Northwest Passage
  • Settlement is created New Netherlands city of New Amsterdam (will later be New York city)
  • New Netherlands
  • Fur trade
  • Diverse colony
  • Germans, Finns, Swedish,
  • Families
  • Patroons- landed elites

P30

First English Settlement

Context- England vs. Spain

Spain was limiting English expansion

Then 1588 the Spanish Armada defeated

England has more opportunity to expand

Early English Entrepreneur

Sir Walter Raleigh

Started Roanoke 1585

Plantation of Virginia

“Croatoan” disappeared

When James comes to power he represses Raleigh and eventually executes him

Jamestown 1607