Table S1. Analysis of Standard Reference Material (NIST 2584) (Mg/Kg)

Supplementary data

Grain size distribution and health risk assessment of metals in outdoor dust in Chengdu, southwestern China

Submitted to

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

for publication

Authored by

Mengqin Chen, Lu Pi, Yan Luo, Meng Geng, Wenli Hu, Zhi Li, Shijun Su, ZhiweiGan*, Sanglan Ding*

College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China

*Corresponding author:

Zhiwei Gan

Tel: +86-28-85460916

Fax: +86-28-85460916

Email:

Sanglan Ding

Tel: +86-28-85460916

Fax: +86-28-85460916

Email:

Table of Contents

No. of tables in Supplementary Materials: S1- S14

1

Table S1. The simulated lung phase solution.

Lung simulating serum / g/L
NaCl / 6.779
NaHCO3 / 2.2683
NH4Cl / 0.5349
NaH2PO4.2H2O / 0.1872
Na3citrate.2H2O / 0.0588
Glycine / 0.3753
Cysteine / 27.3μL (0.12115 g/L)
H2SO4 / 0.0222 (212.5 μL 9.8%)
CaCl2 / 0.1212

Table S2. Parameters for exposure assessment.

Parameters / children / adults
A / B / A / B
IngR (mg/d) / 60 / 200 / 30 / 100
InhR (m3/d) / 12 / 18 / 15 / 20
EF (d/year) / 350 / 350 / 350 / 350
ED (year) / 6 / 6 / 24 / 24
BW (kg) / 15 / 15 / 70 / 70
PEF (m3/kg) / 6.8 × 108 / 6.8 × 108 / 6.8 × 108 / 6.8 × 108
SA (cm2) / 2800 / 2800 / 5700 / 5700
SL (mg/cm2/h) / 0.2 / 0.2 / 0.07 / 0.07
ABS (non-carcinogen) / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001
ABS (carcinogen) / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.01 / 0.01
AT (d) (non-carcinogen) / 2190 / 2190 / 8760 / 8760
AT (d) (carcinogen) / 25550 / 25550 / 25550 / 25550

Table S3. Parameters for risk evaluation.

Dust ingestion / Dust inhalation / Dermal contact
RfD
mg/kg/d / SF
mg/kg/d / RfD
mg/kg/d / SF
mg/kg/d / RfDABS
mg/kg/d / SFABS
mg/kg/d / ABSGI
Cr / 3 × 10-3 / 5 × 10-1 / 3 × 10-3 / 5 × 10-1 / 7.5× 10-5 / 20 / 0.025
Mn / 1.4 × 10-1 / 1.4 × 10-1 / 8.4 × 10-3 / 0.06
Co / 3 × 10-4 / 3 × 10-4 / 3 × 10-4 / /
Ni / 2 × 10-2 / 2 × 10-2 / 8 × 10-4 / 0.04
Cu / 4 × 10-2 / 4 × 10-2 / 2.28 × 10-2 / 0.57
Zn / 3 × 10-1 / 3 × 10-1 / 3 × 10-1 / /
As / 3 × 10-4 / 1.5 / 3 × 10-4 / 1.5 / 2.85 × 10-4 / 1.579 / 0.95
Sr / 6 × 10-1 / 6 × 10-1 / 6 × 10-1 / /
Cd / 1 × 10-3 / 1 × 10-3 / 2.5 × 10-5 / 0.025
Sb / 4 × 10-4 / 4 × 10-4 / 6 × 10-5 / 0.15
Pb / 3.5 × 10-3 / 8.5 × 10-3 / 3.5 × 10-3 / 8.5 × 10-3 / 5.25× 10-4 / 8.5 × 10-3 / /

Table S4.Analysis of standard reference material (NIST 2584) (mg/kg).

Cr / Mn / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / As / Sr / Cd / Sb / Pb
RfD / 135 (9.10) / 370 / 10 / 90 / 320 / 2580 (150) / 17.4 (4.2) / 160 / 10 (1.1) / 14 / 9761 (67)
Our study / 136 (8.96) / 367 (28.3) / 9.96 (0.97) / 94.0 (3.17) / 309 (17.4) / 2570 (49.3) / 19.5 (3.33) / 166 (4.57) / 10.0 (1.04) / 13.6 (1.14) / 9790 (64.6)

Mean (standard deviation); RfD: reference dose; n=6.

Table S5. Results of spiked recoveries and limit of quantification.

Cr / Mn / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / As / Sr / Sb / Cd / Pb
Recovery (SD) (%) / 106 (2.5) / 105 (2.2) / 103 (2.1) / 108 (7.58) / 107 (7.0) / 113 (6.7) / 108 (4.7) / 110 (9.4) / /a / 102 (3.4) / 108 (8.1)
LOQ (ng/mL) / 0.14 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.05 / 0.03 / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.01 / 0.02

a: no data for Sb recovery because no standard solution for Sb when conducting the recovery experiments.

Table S6. Quality control parameters for analysis of metals.

Cr / Mn / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / As / Sr / Cd / Sb / Pb
Standard solution (0.5 ng/mL) / Stomach / N / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12
Mean (ng/mL) / 0.60 / 0.58 / 0.50 / 0.51 / 0.52 / 0.69 / 0.58 / 0.52 / 0.50 / 0.49 / 0.39
RSD (%) / 93.4 / 11.7 / 3.91 / 3.23 / 3.85 / 7.15 / 2.44 / 4.10 / 2.30 / 2.23 / 12.5
Recovery (%) / 120 / 116 / 98.0 / 102 / 104 / 138 / 116 / 104 / 100 / 98.0 / 78.0
Lung / N / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Mean(ng/ml) / 0.89 / 0.85 / 0.58 / 0.56 / 0.72 / 0.78 / 0.66 / 0.60 / 0.71 / 0.69 / 0.79
RSD (%) / 10.1 / 34.0 / 1.11 / 2.93 / 11.9 / 29.0 / 3.81 / 1.71 / 2.74 / 1.36 / 4.30
Recovery (%) / 178 / 170 / 116 / 112 / 144 / 154 / 132 / 120 / 142 / 136 / 158
Standard solution (50 ng/mL) / Stomach / N / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12 / 12
Mean (ng/mL) / 51.0 / 51.0 / 50.8 / 50.7 / 50.6 / 51.3 / 51.4 / 51.6 / 51.2 / 50.3 / 49.5
RSD (%) / 3.79 / 3.64 / 3.46 / 3.63 / 3.37 / 3.49 / 2.95 / 4.60 / 2.68 / 2.28 / 6.48
Recovery (%) / 102 / 102 / 102 / 101 / 101 / 103 / 103 / 103 / 102 / 101 / 99.0
Lung / N / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Mean (ng/mL) / 57.4 / 56.8 / 58.0 / 57.7 / 58.8 / 60.0 / 52.4 / 50.4 / 53.9 / 52.3 / 47.3
RSD (%) / 4.56 / 4.47 / 5.25 / 4.80 / 4.68 / 10.5 / 3.31 / 0.88 / 3.85 / 2.16 / 1.19
Recovery (%) / 115 / 114 / 116 / 101 / 118 / 120 / 105 / 101 / 108 / 105 / 95.0

Table S7. The concentrations and enrichment factor of investigated metals contained in outdoor dust and background values of metals in soil of Chengdu.

Sample site / Cr / Mn / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / As / Sr / Cd / Sb / Pb
Background values / 79.0 / 657 / 17.6 / 32.6 / 31.1 / 86.5 / 10.4 / 120 / 0.08 / 1.28 / 30.9
Road / Mean (mg/kg) / 172 / 621 / 11.8 / 60.3 / 425 / 470 / 28.1 / 120 / 1.12 / 7.13 / 88.1
RSD (%) / 88.3 / 32.6 / 22.3 / 83.2 / 297 / 44.7 / 205 / 19.7 / 49.6 / 54.5 / 63.3
EF / 1.95 / 1.00 / 0.753 / 1.87 / 15.2 / 6.70 / 1.62 / 1.19 / 17.6 / 6.37 / 3.62
High spot / Mean (mg/kg) / 265 / 1120 / 16.9 / 49.7 / 119 / 2440 / 31.7 / 201 / 2.94 / 8.41 / 155
RSD (%) / 45.2 / 26.8 / 8.90 / 16.1 / 33.5 / 130 / 5.20 / 18.6 / 49.9 / 32.5 / 25.2
EF / 2.12 / 1.00 / 0.60 / 0.97 / 2.43 / 22.4 / 1.96 / 1.02 / 21.2 / 4.28 / 3.32
Park / Mean (mg/kg) / 80.8 / 641 / 12.5 / 33.2 / 64.6 / 350 / 11.5 / 128 / 1.61 / 2.94 / 202
RSD (%) / 70.7 / 4.60 / 8.86 / 9.59 / 16.9 / 35.8 / 45.6 / 25.2 / 31.0 / 40.8 / 134
EF / 1.04 / 1.00 / 0.75 / 1.07 / 2.19 / 4.29 / 1.22 / 1.10 / 20.5 / 2.51 / 6.30

RSD : relative standard deviation; EF ：enrichment factor.

Table S8. p values of significant difference analysis among contents of heavy metals in dust from the roads, parks and the high spots.

Roads(n = 19) and high spots (n = 4) / Roads (n = 19) and parks (n = 4) / High spots (n = 4) and parks (n = 4)
Cr / 0.250 / 0.258 / 0.810
Mn / 0.000 / 0.863 / 0.003
Co / 0.001 / 0.608 / 0.018
Ni / 0.672 / 0.283 / 0.607
Cu / 0.626 / 0.089 / 0.021
Zn / 0.511 / 0.345 / 0.478
As / 0.015 / 0.465 / 0.021
Sr / 0.000 / 0.592 / 0.001
Cd / 0.000 / 0.229 / 0.018
Sb / 0.527 / 0.046 / 0.043
Pb / 0.041 / 0.826 / 0.146

Table S9. The concentrations of investigated metals in different size fractions.

Grain size / Cr (mg/kg) / Mn (mg/kg) / Co (mg/kg) / Ni (mg/kg) / Cu (mg/kg) / Zn (mg/kg) / As (mg/kg) / Sr (mg/kg) / Cd(mg/kg) / Sb (mg/kg) / Pb (mg/kg)
63μm / min / 9.47 / 72.2 / 1.25 / 3.60 / 10.5 / 183 / 1.22 / 13.4 / 0.17 / 0.80 / 8.71
mean / 143 / 817 / 14.3 / 48.0 / 139 / 1150 / 20.1 / 154 / 2.12 / 10.3 / 114
max / 353 / 1980 / 19.4 / 87.6 / 251 / 15800 / 46.2 / 254 / 6.91 / 29.1 / 237
63-125μm / min / 51.2 / 526 / 9.43 / 23.4 / 64.8 / 270 / 3.00 / 84.3 / 0.68 / 2.11 / 42.4
mean / 195 / 816 / 14.2 / 52.7 / 160 / 1040 / 17.9 / 141 / 1.71 / 8.13 / 117
max / 849 / 2510 / 22.5 / 184 / 545 / 12000 / 42.5 / 259 / 4.20 / 16.0 / 336
125-250 μm / min / 33.0 / 390 / 6.36 / 20.6 / 28.8 / 166 / 2.33 / 75.3 / 0.34 / 1.56 / 32.4
mean / 180 / 705 / 12.8 / 55.1 / 155 / 673 / 17.3 / 128 / 1.38 / 6.48 / 136
max / 732 / 1770 / 19.7 / 266 / 779 / 4550 / 39.9 / 232 / 3.64 / 15.8 / 674
250-500μm / min / 15.8 / 230 / 4.95 / 11.5 / 22.6 / 97.9 / 0.00 / 75.8 / 0.28 / 0.98 / 18.1
mean / 157 / 635 / 11.4 / 68.3 / 656 / 469 / 17.6 / 121 / 1.19 / 5.94 / 87.9
max / 974 / 2810 / 17.8 / 796 / 15600 / 2420 / 67.5 / 214 / 4.66 / 28.3 / 512
500-1000μm / min / 18.1 / 207 / 5.40 / 13.9 / 22.9 / 177 / 0.06 / 67.8 / 0.25 / 1.36 / 13.4
mean / 204 / 665 / 12.8 / 43.2 / 77.2 / 793 / 16.2 / 141 / 1.50 / 4.91 / 148
max / 1440 / 1500 / 22.6 / 153 / 189 / 7130 / 32.4 / 328 / 7.44 / 16.4 / 894

Table S10.Bi-variables correlation test results between EFs of selected metals and different particle sizes.

Cr / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / As / Sr / Cd / Sb / Pb
pa / 0.443 / 0.000 / 0.833 / 0.000 / 0.116 / 0.555 / 0.034 / 0.034 / 0.000 / 0.08
ra / -0.07 / 0.318** / 0.018 / -0.307** / -0.316 / 0.051 / 0.183* / -0.183* / -0.313** / -0.151

*At the confidence level (double sides) of 0.05, the correlation is significant.

**At the confidence level (double sides) of 0.01, the correlation is significant.

a)p : significant value ; r : correlation coefficient.

Table S11. The statistical bioaccessible concentrations of the determined metals in the simulated stomach and lung solutions.

Phase / Element / Mean
(mg/kg) / Median
(mg/kg) / Min
(mg/kg) / 5th
(mg/kg) / 25th
(mg/kg) / 75th
(mg/kg) / 95th
(mg/kg) / Max
(mg/kg)
Cr / 7.80E+01 / 3.08E+01 / 9.99E+00 / 1.09E+01 / 1.67E+01 / 9.54E+01 / 3.45E+02 / 3.64E+02
Mn / 3.83E+02 / 3.15E+02 / 1.71E+02 / 1.91E+02 / 2.51E+02 / 4.21E+02 / 1.06E+03 / 1.07E+03
Co / 4.06E+00 / 3.71E+00 / 1.99E+00 / 2.06E+00 / 2.91E+00 / 4.84E+00 / 7.86E+00 / 8.30E+00
Ni / 1.52E+01 / 1.31E+01 / 6.87E+00 / 6.91E+00 / 7.87E+00 / 1.70E+01 / 4.40E+01 / 4.83E+01
Cu / 5.69E+01 / 3.72E+01 / 2.01E+01 / 2.12E+01 / 2.96E+01 / 6.76E+01 / 1.75E+02 / 1.79E+02
"Stomach" / Zn / 5.20E+02 / 2.84E+02 / 1.14E+02 / 1.23E+02 / 1.57E+02 / 4.65E+02 / 3.83E+03 / 5.93E+03
As / 2.60E+00 / 2.28E+00 / 6.00E-01 / 6.10E-01 / 1.90E+00 / 3.50E+00 / 5.01E+00 / 5.05E+00
Sr / 8.57E+01 / 7.72E+01 / 5.00E+01 / 5.24E+01 / 6.54E+01 / 9.90E+01 / 1.55E+02 / 1.55E+02
Cd / 1.01E+00 / 7.90E-01 / 3.20E-01 / 3.27E-01 / 5.39E-01 / 1.30E+00 / 2.90E+00 / 3.48E+00
Sb / 1.17E+00 / 9.90E-01 / 2.60E-01 / 2.69E-01 / 7.35E-01 / 1.31E+00 / 3.42E+00 / 3.89E+00
Pb / 5.90E+01 / 4.55E+01 / 1.71E+01 / 1.88E+01 / 2.83E+01 / 7.30E+01 / 1.66E+02 / 1.88E+02
Cr / 6.05E-03 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 9.38E-03 / 3.15E-02 / 3.24E-02
Mn / 1.92E-01 / 1.36E-01 / 2.00E-02 / 2.75E-02 / 4.99E-02 / 2.03E-01 / 9.57E-01 / 9.80E-01
Co / 1.34E-02 / 8.60E-03 / 0.00E+00 / 2.90E-03 / 4.10E-03 / 1.99E-02 / 4.37E-02 / 5.00E-02
Ni / 6.14E-02 / 5.14E-02 / 1.00E-02 / 1.43E-02 / 3.26E-02 / 7.29E-02 / 1.82E-01 / 2.10E-01
Cu / 4.98E-01 / 4.53E-01 / 2.00E-02 / 5.26E-02 / 2.07E-01 / 6.57E-01 / 1.45E+00 / 1.64E+00
"Lung" / Zn / 2.39E+00 / 8.63E-02 / 3.00E-02 / 2.67E-02 / 4.21E-02 / 2.62E-01 / 3.64E+01 / 5.98E+01
As / 3.88E-02 / 3.22E-02 / 1.00E-02 / 1.08E-02 / 2.37E-02 / 4.82E-02 / 1.10E-01 / 1.20E-01
Sr / 7.78E-01 / 5.41E-01 / 2.20E-01 / 2.44E-01 / 4.69E-01 / 8.65E-01 / 2.71E+00 / 3.36E+00
Cd / 1.70E-03 / 1.10E-03 / 0.00E+00 / 2.00E-04 / 5.00E-04 / 1.90E-03 / 7.90E-03 / 1.00E-02
Sb / 8.90E-03 / 5.60E-03 / 0.00E+00 / 2.20E-03 / 4.50E-03 / 1.23E-02 / 3.26E-02 / 4.00E-02
Pb / 1.30E-03 / 9.00E-04 / 0.00E+00 / 2.00E-04 / 5.00E-04 / 1.90E-03 / 6.10E-03 / 1.00E-02

Table S12.Bioaccessibilities of the determined metals in the “stomach”and “lung”solution.

Phase / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / As / Pb / Cd / Sr / Mn / Sb / Cr
Mean(%) / 3.15E+01 / 1.94E+01 / 4.48E+01 / 6.27E+01 / 1.91E+01 / 5.45E+01 / 6.84E+01 / 6.41E+01 / 5.28E+01 / 1.82E+01 / 3.85E+01
Median(%) / 3.04E+01 / 1.67E+01 / 4.77E+01 / 6.05E+01 / 1.29E+01 / 5.63E+01 / 6.86E+01 / 6.49E+01 / 5.17E+01 / 1.82E+01 / 3.53E+01
"Stomach" / RSD / 1.99E-01 / 5.75E-01 / 2.76E-01 / 1.25E-01 / 1.00E+00 / 1.81E-01 / 1.05E-01 / 9.88E-02 / 1.54E-01 / 3.09E-01 / 4.18E-01
Min(%) / 2.20E+01 / 8.00E+00 / 3.00E+00 / 4.90E+01 / 1.00E+00 / 2.40E+01 / 4.70E+01 / 4.20E+01 / 4.00E+01 / 6.00E+00 / 1.00E+01
Max(%) / 4.50E+01 / 5.10E+01 / 6.40E+01 / 8.20E+01 / 8.10E+01 / 6.90E+01 / 7.90E+01 / 7.80E+01 / 7.90E+01 / 3.40E+01 / 7.80E+01
Mean(%) / 1.11E-01 / 1.56E-01 / 4.80E-01 / 6.30E-02 / 2.75E-01 / 1.52E-03 / 1.16E-01 / 6.14E-01 / 3.04E-02 / 1.54E-01 / 3.74E-03
Median(%) / 6.88E-02 / 1.32E-01 / 3.94E-01 / 2.25E-02 / 1.82E-01 / 9.66E-04 / 7.53E-02 / 4.83E-01 / 2.13E-02 / 1.29E-01 / 0.00E+00
"Lung" / RSD / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00 / 0.00E+00
Min(%) / 1.74E-02 / 1.39E-02 / 1.81E-02 / 5.37E-03 / 1.13E-02 / 1.80E-04 / 1.39E-02 / 1.26E-01 / 2.63E-03 / 2.04E-02 / 0.00E+00
Max(%) / 3.82E-01 / 4.95E-01 / 1.58E-00 / 8.31E-01 / 8.03E-01 / 7.62E-03 / 5.62E-01 / 2.86E-00 / 1.56E-01 / 5.12E-01 / 2.97E-02

Table S13.Hazard quotient and cancer risk for children and adults exposure to metals via different dust exposure routes in Chengdu.

Children / Adults
Dust ingestion / Dermal contact / Dust inhalation / Dust ingestion / Dermal contact / Dust inhalation
A / B / A / B / A / B / A / B / A / B / A / B
HQ / Cr / 3.94E-02 / 1.47E+00 / 1.47E-02 / 1.65E-01 / 0.00E+00 / 1.78E-08 / 4.22E-03 / 1.58E-01 / 2.24E-03 / 2.52E-02 / 0.00E+00 / 4.23E-09
Mn / 8.62E-03 / 9.64E-02 / 1.34E-03 / 4.50E-03 / 1.10E-09 / 1.16E-08 / 9.24E-04 / 1.03E-02 / 2.05E-04 / 6.87E-04 / 2.94E-10 / 2.75E-09
Co / 4.75E-02 / 3.35E-01 / 4.43E-04 / 9.38E-04 / 3.23E-08 / 2.46E-07 / 5.09E-03 / 3.59E-02 / 6.77E-05 / 1.43E-04 / 8.66E-09 / 5.87E-08
Ni / 2.52E-03 / 2.81E-02 / 5.87E-04 / 1.97E-03 / 2.90E-09 / 1.54E-08 / 2.70E-04 / 3.01E-03 / 8.97E-05 / 3.00E-04 / 7.77E-10 / 3.67E-09
Cu / 3.57E-03 / 5.59E-02 / 5.85E-05 / 2.75E-04 / 1.28E-08 / 6.12E-08 / 3.83E-04 / 5.99E-03 / 8.93E-06 / 4.19E-05 / 3.42E-09 / 1.46E-08
Zn / 3.63E-03 / 1.63E-01 / 3.39E-05 / 4.57E-04 / 3.25E-10 / 2.05E-07 / 3.89E-04 / 1.75E-02 / 5.18E-06 / 6.97E-05 / 8.69E-11 / 4.89E-08
As / 2.91E-02 / 2.13E-01 / 2.86E-04 / 6.29E-04 / 1.21E-07 / 6.23E-07 / 3.12E-03 / 2.29E-02 / 4.37E-05 / 9.60E-05 / 3.24E-08 / 1.48E-07
Sr / 4.93E-04 / 3.30E-03 / 4.60E-06 / 9.25E-06 / 1.02E-09 / 7.65E-09 / 5.29E-05 / 3.54E-04 / 7.03E-07 / 1.41E-06 / 2.73E-10 / 1.82E-09
Cd / 3.04E-03 / 3.70E-02 / 1.14E-03 / 4.15E-03 / 1.24E-09 / 1.34E-08 / 3.26E-04 / 3.97E-03 / 1.73E-04 / 6.33E-04 / 3.32E-10 / 3.18E-09
Sb / 9.52E-03 / 1.09E-01 / 5.92E-04 / 2.04E-03 / 1.58E-08 / 1.38E-07 / 1.02E-03 / 1.17E-02 / 9.05E-05 / 3.12E-04 / 4.23E-09 / 3.28E-08
Pb / 4.99E-02 / 6.07E-01 / 4.65E-04 / 1.70E-03 / 2.90E-10 / 2.95E-09 / 5.34E-03 / 6.50E-02 / 7.11E-05 / 2.59E-04 / 7.77E-11 / 7.02E-10
CR / Cr / 5.06E-06 / 1.89E-04 / 1.89E-05 / 2.12E-04 / 0.00E+00 / 4.57E-12 / 2.17E-06 / 8.11E-05 / 1.15E-05 / 1.29E-04 / 0.00E+00 / 4.35E-12
As / 1.12E-06 / 8.23E-06 / 1.10E-07 / 2.43E-07 / 4.67E-12 / 2.40E-11 / 4.81E-07 / 3.53E-06 / 6.74E-08 / 1.48E-07 / 5.00E-12 / 2.29E-11
Pb / 1.76E-06 / 2.14E-05 / 1.64E-04 / 6.00E-04 / 7.40E-16 / 7.52E-15 / 7.54E-07 / 9.18E-06 / 1.00E-04 / 3.66E-04 / 7.93E-16 / 7.16E-15

Table S14. The percentage composition of different exposure routes for children and adults in Chengdu.

Children / Adults
Dust ingestion / Dermal contact / Dust inhalation / Dust ingestion / Dermal contact / Dust inhalation
A / B / A / B / A / B / A / B / A / B / A / B
Cr / 7.28E+01 / 8.99E+01 / 2.72E+01 / 1.01E+01 / 0.00E+00 / 1.09E-06 / 6.53E+01 / 8.62E+01 / 3.47E+01 / 1.38E+01 / 0.00E+00 / 2.31E-06
Mn / 8.65E+01 / 9.55E+01 / 1.35E+01 / 4.46E+00 / 1.10E-05 / 1.15E-05 / 8.18E+01 / 9.37E+01 / 1.82E+01 / 6.25E+00 / 2.60E-05 / 2.51E-05
Co / 9.91E+01 / 9.97E+01 / 9.24E-01 / 2.79E-01 / 6.75E-05 / 7.34E-05 / 9.87E+01 / 9.96E+01 / 1.31E+00 / 3.97E-01 / 1.68E-04 / 1.63E-04
Ni / 8.11E+01 / 9.34E+01 / 1.89E+01 / 6.55E+00 / 9.33E-05 / 5.12E-05 / 7.51E+01 / 9.09E+01 / 2.49E+01 / 9.06E+00 / 2.16E-04 / 1.11E-04
Cu / 9.84E+01 / 9.95E+01 / 1.61E+00 / 4.90E-01 / 3.52E-04 / 1.09E-04 / 9.77E+01 / 9.93E+01 / 2.28E+00 / 6.95E-01 / 8.73E-04 / 2.42E-04
Zn / 9.91E+01 / 9.97E+01 / 9.25E-01 / 2.80E-01 / 8.86E-06 / 1.26E-04 / 9.87E+01 / 9.96E+01 / 1.31E+00 / 3.97E-01 / 2.21E-05 / 2.78E-04
As / 9.90E+01 / 9.97E+01 / 9.73E-01 / 2.94E-01 / 4.12E-04 / 2.91E-04 / 9.86E+01 / 9.96E+01 / 1.38E+00 / 4.17E-01 / 1.03E-03 / 6.45E-04
Sr / 9.91E+01 / 9.97E+01 / 9.24E-01 / 2.80E-01 / 2.04E-04 / 2.31E-04 / 9.87E+01 / 9.96E+01 / 1.31E+00 / 3.97E-01 / 5.08E-04 / 5.13E-04
Cd / 7.27E+01 / 8.99E+01 / 2.73E+01 / 1.01E+01 / 2.97E-05 / 3.25E-05 / 6.53E+01 / 8.62E+01 / 3.47E+01 / 1.38E+01 / 6.66E-05 / 6.91E-05
Sb / 9.41E+01 / 9.82E+01 / 5.85E+00 / 1.84E+00 / 1.56E-04 / 1.24E-04 / 9.19E+01 / 9.74E+01 / 8.15E+00 / 2.60E+00 / 3.81E-04 / 2.73E-04
Pb / 9.41E+01 / 9.82E+01 / 5.85E+00 / 1.83E+00 / 5.47E-07 / 4.77E-07 / 9.19E+01 / 9.74E+01 / 8.15E+00 / 2.59E+00 / 1.34E-06 / 1.05E-06

1