Misconduct and Retractions Fang
Table S1. Articles in which Cause of Retraction was Ascertained from Secondary Sources.
First Author / Journal / Year Published / PMID(PubMed identifer) / Original Reason for Retraction / Final Reason for Retraction / Retraction Announcement / Secondary Source
Abdelkefi / Blood / 2008 / 19520824 / unknown / fraud / "data. . . were inappropriately collected" / Retraction Watch (Marcus): "inconsistencies and inaccuracies that cast doubt on the integrity of the study and resulted in retraction"
Ahluwalia / J Neurochem / 2003 / 12558978 / error / possible fraud / "concentration. . . is inaccurate" / Retraction Watch (Oransky): findings could not be replicated, first author "found guilty of faking data"
Ahluwalia / Nature / 2004 / 14985765 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): institutional report concluded that first author "falsified and misrepresented the results of experiments"
Alsabti / Jpn J Med Sci Biol / 1979 / 396398 / unknown / plagiarism / retraction announcement not included in e-journal / British Medical Journal: first author "published 13 scientific articles, but at least 5 of these were plagiarised"
Aoki / J Biol Chem / 1996 / 8910608 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): "lead author manipulated figures"
Aoki / J Biol Chem / 2000 / 10993888 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): "lead author manipulated figures"
Aoki / J Biol Chem / 2004 / 14679216 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): "lead author manipulated figures"
Asiedu / J Immunol / 2005 / 16339543 / error / fraud / "a recently uncovered error compromises some of the data" / Office of Research Integrity: "respondent engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying. . . reports of research results"
Bois / J Cell Biol / 2005 / 16157701 / error / fraud / "follow-up experiments. . . have shown that. . . Figure 1 is not correct" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "knowingly and intentionally falsified data"
Bonnefoi / Lancet Oncol / 2007 / 18024211 / error / fraud / "Re-examination of the validation datasets. . . has uncovered errors in the labeling of the clinical response" / 60 Minutes (Pelley): co-author states it is "abundantly clear" that the data were fabricated
Brodie / J Leukoc Biol / 2000 / 10985251 / possible fraud / fraud / "figures are not authentic" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "intentionally fabricated and falsified data"
Chandok / Cell / 2003 / 12757708 / error / possible fraud / "difficulties in reproducing the data" / Science (Travis): principal investigator "suspicious that misconduct was involved;" first author declined to sign retraction and unsuccessfully sued principal investigator for defamation
Chandok / Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / 2004 / 15146069 / error / possible fraud / "unable to repeat the results" / Science (Travis): principal investigator "suspicious that misconduct was involved;" first author declined to sign retraction and unsuccessfully sued principal investigator for defamation
Chen / J Immunol / 1998 / 9780201 / error / fraud / "errors in the presentation of data" / Office of Research Integrity: senior author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating data"
Constantoulakis / Science / 1993 / 7680491 / error / fraud / "some experiments have not been reproducible" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "committed scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating data"
Contreras / Transplantation / 1998 / 9603161 / error / fraud / "we discovered that some of our published studies. . . included animals that had not undergone bilateral nephrectomies" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying in seven publications reports of research results"
Contreras / Transplantation / 1999 / 10440390 / possible fraud / fraud / "these articles contain inaccurate data. . . Dr. Thomas has resigned from the university" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying in seven publications reports of research results"
Cressman / Mol Cell Biol / 1999 / 10490643 / unknown / fraud / "data reported in these panels cannot be relied upon" / Office of Research Integrity: co-author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying DNA samples and constructing falsified figures"
Davidson / Circ Res / 1981 / 6257420 / error / fraud / "unable to reproduce similar experiments" / New York Times (Wilford): technician admitted taking actions resulting "in the biasing of experimental data"
Davidson / J Clin Invest / 1984 / 6365971 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / New York Times (Wilford): technician admitted taking actions resulting "in the biasing of experimental data"
DeFronzo / J Clin Invest / 1978 / 350903 / unknown / fraud / "review of the raw data has revealed some discrepancies" / New York Times (Hunt): co-author "falsified data"
DeFronzo / J Clin Invest / 1979 / 376552 / unknown / fraud / "review of the raw data has revealed some discrepancies" / New York Times (Hunt): co-author "falsified data"
Degenhardt / J Mol Biol / 2009 / 19289130 / error / fraud / "incorrect data handling for the ChIP analysis" / Retraction Watch (Marcus): graduate student found to have falsified data
Doree / J Bacteriol / 2001 / 11222596 / error / unknown / "questions concerning the validity of the data in this paper have arisen" / Associated Press: first author sentenced to 10 months in prison for data fabrication
Duan / Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / 1994 / 8197188 / error / possible fraud / "sequence of the heavy chain. . . has been reanalyzed and found to be not what was reported" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by reporting research that was inconsistent with original data or could not be supported because original data were not retained"
Elsheikh / Blood / 2005 / 15985545 / unknown / fraud / "results published cannot be considered reliable" / Retraction Watch (Marcus): data fabrication "convincingly shown"
Erin / Am J Respir Crit Care Med / 2006 / 16850747 / unknown / fraud / "concerns regarding the veracity of the data and the validity of the conclusions" / Retraction Watch (Marcus): first author responsible for "serious data anomalies" in which he "manipulated the data. . . to give a more favourable outcome"
Erin / Am J Respir Crit Care Med / 2008 / 17962642 / unknown / fraud / "concerns regarding the veracity of the data and the validity of the conclusions" / Retraction Watch (Marcus): first author responsible for "serious data anomalies" in which he "manipulated the data. . . to give a more favourable outcome"
Friedman / Fertil Steril / 1993 / 8339817 / unknown / fraud / "invalid data" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "committed scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating data"
Friedman / Obstet Gynecol / 1995 / 7898846 / unknown / fraud / "invalid data" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "committed scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating data"
Fukuda / J Biol Chem / 2009 / 19047050 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): authors "used the same (Western blot) data in several figures"
Fukuhara / Science / 2005 / 15604363 / unknown / error / an institutional council "recommended that we retract the entire paper" / The Scientist (Scheff): errors undermined certain conclusions of the article
Garey / Nat Genet / 1994 / 7914452 / unknown / fraud / "serious inconsistences under investigation" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying research"
Gelband / Hypertension / 2000 / 10642299 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Office of Research Integrity: first author "falsified data"
Gold / Clin Immunol Immunopathol / 1994 / 7911078 / unknown / fraud / "based on inaccurate data" / New York State Board for Professional Medical Conduct: first author "inappropriately listed himself as holding a Ph.D. . . (and) fabricated animal research studies."
Gold / Clin Immunol Immunopathol / 1994 / 7923908 / unknown / fraud / "based on inaccurate data" / New York State Board for Professional Medical Conduct: first author "inappropriately listed himself as holding a Ph.D. . . (and) fabricated animal research studies."
Gold / Eur J Cancer / 1994 / 7880620 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / New York State Board for Professional Medical Conduct: first author "inappropriately listed himself as holding a Ph.D. . . (and) fabricated animal research studies."
Gold / J Surg Res / 1995 / 7543632 / unknown / fraud / "based on inaccurate data" / New York State Board for Professional Medical Conduct: first author "inappropriately listed himself as holding a Ph.D. . . (and) fabricated animal research studies."
Goodwill / J Neuroimmunol / 2007 / 17229471 / error / fraud / "analysis. . . (is) not accurate" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in research misconduct by the fabrication of data"
Greger / Mol Cell Biol / 2007 / 17194752 / unknown / fraud / "data. . . are unreliable" / Office of Research Integrity: senior author "engaged in misconduct. . . by intentionally falsifying figures"
Hajra / Genomics / 1995 / 7607682 / unknown / fraud / "new information which casts significant doubt on the correctness of the experimental conclusions" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating research data"
Hajra / Mol Cell Biol / 1995 / 7651416 / unknown / fraud / "new information which casts significant doubt on the correctness of the experimental conclusions" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating research data"
Hajra / Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A / 1995 / 7892201 / unknown / fraud / "information not reliable" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating research data"
Han / J Biol Chem / 2005 / 16061473 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): first author committed "data manipulation"
Han / J Biol Chem / 2006 / 16882662 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): first author committed "data manipulation"
Han / J Biol Chem / 2007 / 17237224 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Retraction Watch (Oransky): first author committed "data manipulation"
Herman / Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys / 1989 / 2689396 / error / fraud / "not all tumor measurements were made weekly as reported. . . main finding of this paper remains" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "committed scientific misconduct by falsely reporting. . . that research had been conducted according to a stated protocol, when, in fact, (he) knew at the time that the protocol. . . had not been carried out exactly as described."
Hoffmann / J Biol Chem / 2001 / 11509576 / unknown / fraud / "some of the data are not reproducible" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying and fabricating research data"
Hutchings / Immunol Res / 2002 / 12403353 / error / fraud / "our published studies. . . included some animals that had not undergone bilateral nephrectomies" / Office of Research Integrity: senior author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying reports"
Hutchings / Transpl Immunol / 2003 / 12967786 / error / fraud / "recipients. . . later proved to have retained an intrinsic kidney" / Office of Research Integrity: senior author "engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying reports"
Jiang / J Biol Chem / 2010 / 20826813 / unknown / duplicate publication / no reason provided / Blood (2011 retraction notice): "contains multiple instances of duplicate (redundant) publication of data, text and images"
Kawabata / Intern Med / 2004 / 15575251 / error / fraud / "inclusion of incorrect experimental data" / Journal of Immunology (2008 retraction notice): co-author found to have committed "scientific misconduct that resulted in falsified or fabricated data."
Khansari / Eur J Immunol / 1983 / 6363100 / error / possible fraud / "contains unsubstantiated data or incorrect methodology or procedural information" / State of New York Department of Health: senior author later found "guilty of dishonorable, unethical or unprofessional conduct"
Kindzelskii / J Immunol / 2003 / 12496384 / unknown / possible fraud / "findings reported have not been reproduced in subsequent experiments" / Cell Calcium (Hallett): "fantastic and spurious;" senior author "told the audience. . . an enquiry into the affair at his home institution was underway"
Kobayashi / Haematologica / 2008 / 18508798 / unknown / error / "study had not been approved by the IRB" / Science (Normile): author "may have believed that approval of another aspect of his research covered this study as well"
Komazawa / Nat Med / 2004 / 15489860 / error / fraud / some of the primary data were erroneously or artificially presented" / Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics (Slingsby): "data fabricated by a medical student"
Krishna Murthy / Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr / 1999 / 10393310 / unknown / fraud / no reason provided / Nature (Borrell): first author "acted alone in fabricating and falsifying results"
Kugler / Nat Med / 2000 / 10700237 / error / fraud / "incorrect statements and erroneous presentation of primary data, results and conclusions" / The Scientist (Zwirner): "data manipulation and illegal treatment"
Kumar / J Exp Med / 1989 / 2555431 / error / fraud / "Southern blots. . . were mislabeled. . . We have attempted to reproduce the deletion experiments. . . and have been unsuccessful" / Office of Research Integrity: first author "committed scientific misconduct by falsfying and/or fabricating figures"