Descriptive Statistics of School Achievement
Wave 1 / Wave 2 / Wave 3N / Mean / SD / N / Mean / SD / N / Mean / SD
GPA / 516 / 3.86 / 1.19 / 480 / 3.91 / 0.86 / 506 / 3.80 / 0.84
Descriptive Statistics of Family Structure, Class Preparation/Effort, and Family Employment1
Wave 1 / Wave 2 / Wave 3N / μ / % / SD / N / μ / % / SD / N / μ / % / SD
Family Structure
Live with both Birth Parents / 608 / 58.6 / 555 / 58.2 / 549 / 49.5
Live with one Birth Parent / 608 / 37.2 / 555 / 37.8 / 549 / 46.1
Live Foster Parents/Relatives/Other / 608 / 4.3 / 555 / 4.0 / 549 / 4.4
Class Preparation / Effort
Come Prepared / 568 / 3.68 / 0.74 / 551 / 3.58 / 0.82 / 549 / 3.61 / 0.76
Complete HW on Time / 563 / 3.55 / 0.78 / 551 / 3.40 / 0.87 / 546 / 3.37 / 0.81
Neat HW / 562 / 3.33 / 0.95 / 544 / 3.31 / 0.95 / 549 / 3.31 / 0.94
Work Hard / 555 / 3.49 / 0.81 / 545 / 3.38 / 0.89 / 545 / 3.27 / 0.90
WORK (latent variable) / 624 / -.078 / 0.76 / 624 / -.082 / 0.83 / 624 / -.076 / 0.84
Family Employment
Neither Person has a Job or Receives Welfare / 494 / 2.6 / 548 / 3.1 / 530 / 2.8
One Person Receives Welfare / 494 / 2.6 / 548 / 4.9 / 530 / 5.1
Both Persons Receive Welfare / 494 / 6.5 / 548 / 1.8 / 530 / 1.7
One Person Works Part-Time / 494 / 8.7 / 548 / 5.5 / 530 / 4.7
Both Persons Work Part-Time / 494 / 6.1 / 548 / 3.5 / 530 / 1.9
One Person Works Full-Time / 494 / 28.1 / 548 / 29.4 / 530 / 32.3
One Person Works Full-Time and One Person Works Part-Time / 494 / 11.1 / 548 / 16.1 / 530 / 14.7
Both Persons Work Full Time / 494 / 34.2 / 548 / 35.8 / 530 / 36.8
1 For other covariates: gender and ethnicity are in Table 1
Main Effects Model with Indicator for High Participation in 2+ Domains:
Linear Mixed Model Predicting GPA (n=625)
Fixed Effects Coefficients / OIM Coefficient / S.E. / Z / P>|z| / [95% Conf. / Interval]Intercept1
Wave 1 / -0.172 / 0.281 / -0.61 / 0.541 / -0.722 / 0.379
Wave 2 / 1.053 / 0.816 / 1.29 / 0.197 / -0.546 / 2.652
Wave 3 / 0.625 / 0.494 / 1.26 / 0.206 / -0.344 / 1.594
SCHOOL / -0.001 / 0.038 / -0.02 / 0.986 / -0.074 / 0.073
RELIGIOUS / -0.096* / 0.038 / -2.56 / 0.010 / -0.170 / -0.023
COMMUNITY / 0.099** / 0.033 / 2.97 / 0.003 / 0.034 / 0.164
ATHLETIC / 0.070* / 0.034 / 2.03 / 0.042 / 0.003 / 0.137
High Participation 2+ Domains / 0.099** / 0.033 / 2.97 / 0.003 / 0.034 / 0.164
Covariates
Female / 0.066 / 0.050 / 1.34 / 0.182 / -0.031 / 0.163
Ethnicity
Black / -0.107 / 0.079 / -1.36 / 0.173 / -0.261 / 0.047
Latino / 0.005 / 0.068 / 0.08 / 0.938 / -0.128 / 0.138
Asian / 0.249^ / 0.128 / 1.94 / 0.052 / -0.002 / 0.499
Black/Latino / 0.117 / 0.134 / 0.87 / 0.385 / -0.147 / 0.380
Other / -0.128 / 0.240 / -0.53 / 0.595 / -0.598 / 0.342
Age, Wave 1 centered at group μ / -0.065* / 0.027 / -2.39 / 0.017 / -0.119 / -0.012
Fam. Employment / 0.028^ / 0.016 / 1.72 / 0.085 / -0.004 / 0.060
Family Structure
One Birth Parent / -0.043 / 0.052 / -0.81 / 0.415 / -0.145 / 0.060
Foster/Rel./Other / -0.121 / 0.123 / -0.99 / 0.324 / -0.361 / 0.119
Class Behavioral Engagement / 0.325** / 0.029 / 11.32 / 0.000 / 0.269 / 0.382
School F.E.s
Wave 1 / 1.007** / 0.072 / 14.06 / 0.000 / 0.867 / 1.147
Wave 2 / 0.689** / 0.206 / 3.35 / 0.001 / 0.285 / 1.092
Wave 3 / 0.796** / 0.124 / 6.40 / 0.000 / 0.552 / 1.040
Random Effects Variance / τ / SE / [95% Conf. / Interval]
Intercept / 0.065** / 0.022 / 0.033 / 0.128
Residual / 0.639** / 0.030 / 0.583 / 0.701
1 The constant term was allowed to vary by wave in order to capture the effect of time. There is no significant different between the the values found for wave 1, wave 2, and wave 3. Values are lower than expected GPA intercepts as a result of the inclusion of school fixed effects.
** p<.01, * p<.05, ^ p<.10
Exploratory Factor Analysis at Three Time Points with Factor Loading Invariance and Correlated Residuals Across Time
Model Fit: RMSEA=0.018; CFI=0.967; TLI=0.963