Online Resource2
Patterns of evolutionary divergence and convergence in the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) across Western North America
Journal of Mammalian Evolution
Angela D. Hornsby* and Marjorie D. Matocq
Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science
University of Nevada
1664 N. Virginia St.
Reno, NV 89557 USA
Phone: (775) 784-4020
Fax: (775) 784-4583
*e-mail:
ESM 2 Tukey-Kramer contrasts of size-corrected and standardized craniodental measurements between all N. cinerea subspecies of n ≥ 3
Subspecies are coded as follows: N. c. acraea = AC; N. c. alticola = AL; N. c. arizonae = AZ; N. c. cinerea = CI; N. c. cinnamomea = CN; N. c. fusca = FU; N. c. macrodon = MA; N. c. occidentalis = OC; N. c. orolestes = OR; N. c. pulla = PU; N. c. saxamans = SA. Differences (Diff) are in standard units and result from subtraction of subspecies means in the order given in the contrast column. Significance levels (Level) are coded as . = P < 0.1 (“marginally significant”); * = P < 0.05 (“significant”); ** = P < 0.01; and *** = P < 0.001.
Basilar length / Nasal length / Rostrum width / Rostrum depthContrast / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level
AL-AC / 0.5025 / 0.0833 / . / 0.5392 / 0.2310 / -0.1838 / 0.9972 / 0.6657 / 0.0206 / *
AR-AC / -1.0297 / 0.2502 / -0.0379 / 1.0000 / 0.0557 / 1.0000 / 0.3332 / 0.9997
CI-AC / 1.3930 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.4331 / 0.9864 / -0.0757 / 1.0000 / -0.1444 / 1.0000
CN-AC / -0.3159 / 0.9733 / 0.4392 / 0.8942 / -0.1274 / 1.0000 / 0.1786 / 0.9999
FU-AC / 0.6246 / 0.6740 / 1.2991 / 0.1094 / -0.3076 / 0.9991 / 0.9748 / 0.2112
MA-AC / -0.4481 / 0.9983 / -0.2162 / 1.0000 / 0.4012 / 0.9998 / 0.0944 / 1.0000
OC-AC / 1.0136 / 0.0000 / *** / 1.1296 / 0.0018 / ** / -0.3638 / 0.8971 / 0.1415 / 0.9999
OR-AC / 0.0454 / 1.0000 / 0.6355 / 0.1509 / 0.0028 / 1.0000 / 0.1315 / 0.9999
PU-AC / -0.3956 / 0.9054 / 1.0538 / 0.0483 / * / 0.0255 / 1.0000 / 0.5155 / 0.8030
SA-AC / 1.2591 / 0.0009 / *** / 0.6241 / 0.6906 / -0.5421 / 0.8799 / 0.0761 / 1.0000
AR-AL / -1.5322 / 0.0082 / ** / -0.5771 / 0.9847 / 0.2395 / 1.0000 / -0.3326 / 0.9997
CI-AL / 0.8905 / 0.1058 / -0.1061 / 1.0000 / 0.1080 / 1.0000 / -0.8101 / 0.3865
CN-AL / -0.8185 / 0.0714 / . / -0.1000 / 1.0000 / 0.0563 / 1.0000 / -0.4871 / 0.8676
FU-AL / 0.1221 / 1.0000 / 0.7599 / 0.8323 / -0.1238 / 1.0000 / 0.3091 / 0.9991
MA-AL / -0.9507 / 0.7372 / -0.7555 / 0.9593 / 0.5850 / 0.9963 / -0.5713 / 0.9961
OC-AL / 0.5111 / 0.3571 / 0.5903 / 0.5820 / -0.1800 / 0.9998 / -0.5242 / 0.5263
OR-AL / -0.4572 / 0.4782 / 0.0963 / 1.0000 / 0.1866 / 0.9995 / -0.5342 / 0.4446
PU-AL / -0.8982 / 0.0389 / * / 0.5146 / 0.9051 / 0.2092 / 0.9999 / -0.1502 / 1.0000
SA-AL / 0.7566 / 0.2916 / 0.0849 / 1.0000 / -0.3584 / 0.9948 / -0.5896 / 0.8185
CI-AR / 2.4227 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.4710 / 0.9993 / -0.1314 / 1.0000 / -0.4775 / 0.9982
CN-AR / 0.7138 / 0.8781 / 0.4771 / 0.9981 / -0.1832 / 1.0000 / -0.1545 / 1.0000
FU-AR / 1.6543 / 0.0318 / * / 1.3370 / 0.5540 / -0.3633 / 0.9999 / 0.6416 / 0.9860
MA-AR / 0.5816 / 0.9975 / -0.1783 / 1.0000 / 0.3455 / 1.0000 / -0.2387 / 1.0000
OC-AR / 2.0433 / 0.0001 / *** / 1.1675 / 0.4819 / -0.4195 / 0.9988 / -0.1916 / 1.0000
OR-AR / 1.0751 / 0.2534 / 0.6734 / 0.9597 / -0.0529 / 1.0000 / -0.2016 / 1.0000
PU-AR / 0.6340 / 0.9441 / 1.0917 / 0.6652 / -0.0302 / 1.0000 / 0.1824 / 1.0000
SA-AR / 2.2888 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.6620 / 0.9819 / -0.5978 / 0.9912 / -0.2571 / 1.0000
CN-CI / -1.7089 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.0062 / 1.0000 / -0.0517 / 1.0000 / 0.3230 / 0.9993
FU-CI / -0.7684 / 0.7170 / 0.8660 / 0.8868 / -0.2319 / 1.0000 / 1.1192 / 0.3524
MA-CI / -1.8411 / 0.0462 / * / -0.6493 / 0.9952 / 0.4770 / 0.9997 / 0.2388 / 1.0000
OC-CI / -0.3794 / 0.9824 / 0.6965 / 0.8598 / -0.2880 / 0.9995 / 0.2859 / 0.9994
OR-CI / -1.3476 / 0.0012 / ** / 0.2024 / 1.0000 / 0.0785 / 1.0000 / 0.2759 / 0.9995
PU-CI / -1.7887 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.6207 / 0.9584 / 0.1012 / 1.0000 / 0.6599 / 0.8741
SA-CI / -0.1339 / 1.0000 / 0.1910 / 1.0000 / -0.4664 / 0.9939 / 0.2205 / 1.0000
FU-CN / 0.9405 / 0.3170 / 0.8599 / 0.7970 / -0.1801 / 1.0000 / 0.7962 / 0.7485
MA-CN / -0.1322 / 1.0000 / -0.6555 / 0.9903 / 0.5287 / 0.9991 / -0.0842 / 1.0000
OC-CN / 1.3295 / 0.0002 / *** / 0.6903 / 0.6348 / -0.2363 / 0.9998 / -0.0371 / 1.0000
OR-CN / 0.3613 / 0.9677 / 0.1963 / 0.9999 / 0.1302 / 1.0000 / -0.0471 / 1.0000
PU-CN / -0.0797 / 1.0000 / 0.6145 / 0.8845 / 0.1529 / 1.0000 / 0.3369 / 0.9981
SA-CN / 1.5750 / 0.0007 / *** / 0.1848 / 1.0000 / -0.4147 / 0.9956 / -0.1025 / 1.0000
MA-FU / -1.0727 / 0.7436 / -1.5153 / 0.4920 / 0.7088 / 0.9937 / -0.8804 / 0.9608
OC-FU / 0.3890 / 0.9886 / -0.1695 / 1.0000 / -0.0562 / 1.0000 / -0.8333 / 0.5623
OR-FU / -0.5792 / 0.8338 / -0.6636 / 0.9319 / 0.3104 / 0.9995 / -0.8433 / 0.5252
PU-FU / -1.0202 / 0.2241 / -0.2453 / 1.0000 / 0.3331 / 0.9997 / -0.4593 / 0.9934
SA-FU / 0.6345 / 0.8937 / -0.6750 / 0.9641 / -0.2346 / 1.0000 / -0.8987 / 0.6825
OC-MA / 1.4617 / 0.1607 / 1.3458 / 0.4445 / -0.7650 / 0.9756 / 0.0471 / 1.0000
OR-MA / 0.4935 / 0.9970 / 0.8518 / 0.9192 / -0.3984 / 0.9999 / 0.0371 / 1.0000
PU-MA / 0.0525 / 1.0000 / 1.2700 / 0.6024 / -0.3758 / 1.0000 / 0.4211 / 0.9998
SA-MA / 1.7072 / 0.0903 / . / 0.8403 / 0.9545 / -0.9434 / 0.9391 / -0.0184 / 1.0000
OR-OC / -0.9682 / 0.0019 / ** / -0.4940 / 0.8507 / 0.3666 / 0.9602 / -0.0100 / 1.0000
PU-OC / -1.4092 / 0.0001 / *** / -0.0758 / 1.0000 / 0.3892 / 0.9879 / 0.3740 / 0.9882
SA-OC / 0.2455 / 0.9995 / -0.5055 / 0.9597 / -0.1784 / 1.0000 / -0.0655 / 1.0000
PU-OR / -0.4410 / 0.9011 / 0.4182 / 0.9813 / 0.0227 / 1.0000 / 0.3840 / 0.9836
SA-OR / 1.2137 / 0.0063 / ** / -0.0115 / 1.0000 / -0.5449 / 0.9235 / -0.0554 / 1.0000
SA-PU / 1.6548 / 0.0003 / *** / -0.4297 / 0.9944 / -0.5676 / 0.9590 / -0.4394 / 0.9921
Interorbital breadth / Palatal bridge length / Molar row length / Zygomatic breadth
Contrast / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level
AL-AC / 0.3700 / 0.6364 / -0.5824 / 0.0300 / * / 0.6671 / 0.0089 / ** / -0.0703 / 1.0000
AR-AC / 0.3243 / 0.9997 / 0.0289 / 1.0000 / -1.1701 / 0.1840 / -0.4590 / 0.9965
CI-AC / 0.2657 / 0.9991 / 0.3036 / 0.9947 / -0.4760 / 0.9068 / -0.0928 / 1.0000
CN-AC / -0.3425 / 0.9787 / 0.2689 / 0.9937 / 0.0744 / 1.0000 / -0.3655 / 0.9874
FU-AC / 0.3701 / 0.9939 / 1.8162 / 0.0000 / *** / 1.1128 / 0.0508 / . / 0.0883 / 1.0000
MA-AC / 0.0756 / 1.0000 / -0.8667 / 0.8473 / -0.8454 / 0.8967 / -0.5931 / 0.9961
OC-AC / 0.6115 / 0.1674 / -0.0293 / 1.0000 / 0.1598 / 0.9996 / -0.0602 / 1.0000
OR-AC / 0.5165 / 0.3375 / 0.3556 / 0.7864 / -0.2016 / 0.9962 / -0.0558 / 1.0000
PU-AC / -0.3306 / 0.9870 / -0.0959 / 1.0000 / -0.5678 / 0.6151 / -0.1370 / 1.0000
SA-AC / -0.9287 / 0.1354 / -0.5764 / 0.6893 / 0.3447 / 0.9899 / -0.0514 / 1.0000
AR-AL / -0.0457 / 1.0000 / 0.6113 / 0.9271 / -1.8372 / 0.0016 / ** / -0.3886 / 0.9993
CI-AL / -0.1043 / 1.0000 / 0.8860 / 0.1387 / -1.1431 / 0.0198 / * / -0.0224 / 1.0000
CN-AL / -0.7125 / 0.3483 / 0.8513 / 0.0673 / . / -0.5927 / 0.5768 / -0.2951 / 0.9983
FU-AL / 0.0001 / 1.0000 / 2.3986 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.4457 / 0.9740 / 0.1587 / 1.0000
MA-AL / -0.2944 / 1.0000 / -0.2843 / 1.0000 / -1.5125 / 0.1814 / -0.5228 / 0.9988
OC-AL / 0.2414 / 0.9947 / 0.5531 / 0.3082 / -0.5073 / 0.4846 / 0.0101 / 1.0000
OR-AL / 0.1465 / 0.9999 / 0.9380 / 0.0010 / ** / -0.8687 / 0.0057 / ** / 0.0146 / 1.0000
PU-AL / -0.7006 / 0.4181 / 0.4865 / 0.8077 / -1.2349 / 0.0015 / ** / -0.0666 / 1.0000
SA-AL / -1.2987 / 0.0061 / ** / 0.0059 / 1.0000 / -0.3224 / 0.9955 / 0.0190 / 1.0000
CI-AR / -0.0586 / 1.0000 / 0.2747 / 1.0000 / 0.6941 / 0.9523 / 0.3662 / 0.9999
CN-AR / -0.6668 / 0.9600 / 0.2400 / 1.0000 / 1.2445 / 0.2553 / 0.0935 / 1.0000
FU-AR / 0.0458 / 1.0000 / 1.7873 / 0.0187 / * / 2.2829 / 0.0010 / ** / 0.5473 / 0.9973
MA-AR / -0.2487 / 1.0000 / -0.8956 / 0.9482 / 0.3247 / 1.0000 / -0.1342 / 1.0000
OC-AR / 0.2872 / 0.9999 / -0.0582 / 1.0000 / 1.3299 / 0.1105 / 0.3987 / 0.9993
OR-AR / 0.1922 / 1.0000 / 0.3267 / 0.9996 / 0.9685 / 0.5278 / 0.4032 / 0.9992
PU-AR / -0.6548 / 0.9670 / -0.1249 / 1.0000 / 0.6023 / 0.9764 / 0.3220 / 1.0000
SA-AR / -1.2530 / 0.3711 / -0.6054 / 0.9746 / 1.5148 / 0.0981 / . / 0.4076 / 0.9997
CN-CI / -0.6082 / 0.9040 / -0.0348 / 1.0000 / 0.5504 / 0.9350 / -0.2727 / 0.9999
FU-CI / 0.1044 / 1.0000 / 1.5126 / 0.0152 / * / 1.5888 / 0.0144 / * / 0.1811 / 1.0000
MA-CI / -0.1901 / 1.0000 / -1.1703 / 0.6323 / -0.3694 / 0.9999 / -0.5003 / 0.9996
OC-CI / 0.3458 / 0.9964 / -0.3329 / 0.9951 / 0.6358 / 0.7426 / 0.0325 / 1.0000
OR-CI / 0.2508 / 0.9997 / 0.0520 / 1.0000 / 0.2744 / 0.9992 / 0.0370 / 1.0000
PU-CI / -0.5962 / 0.9226 / -0.3996 / 0.9918 / -0.0918 / 1.0000 / -0.0442 / 1.0000
SA-CI / -1.1944 / 0.1640 / -0.8801 / 0.4789 / 0.8207 / 0.6509 / 0.0414 / 1.0000
FU-CN / 0.7126 / 0.8407 / 1.5474 / 0.0045 / ** / 1.0385 / 0.2819 / 0.4538 / 0.9964
MA-CN / 0.4181 / 0.9998 / -1.1356 / 0.6267 / -0.9197 / 0.8918 / -0.2277 / 1.0000
OC-CN / 0.9540 / 0.0956 / . / -0.2982 / 0.9950 / 0.0854 / 1.0000 / 0.3052 / 0.9988
OR-CN / 0.8590 / 0.1768 / 0.0868 / 1.0000 / -0.2759 / 0.9978 / 0.3097 / 0.9984
PU-CN / 0.0120 / 1.0000 / -0.3648 / 0.9920 / -0.6422 / 0.7703 / 0.2285 / 1.0000
SA-CN / -0.5861 / 0.9233 / -0.8453 / 0.4211 / 0.2704 / 0.9998 / 0.3141 / 0.9997
MA-FU / -0.2945 / 1.0000 / -2.6830 / 0.0005 / *** / -1.9582 / 0.0675 / . / -0.6815 / 0.9960
OC-FU / 0.2414 / 0.9999 / -1.8455 / 0.0000 / *** / -0.9531 / 0.2734 / -0.1486 / 1.0000
OR-FU / 0.1464 / 1.0000 / -1.4606 / 0.0025 / ** / -1.3144 / 0.0187 / * / -0.1441 / 1.0000
PU-FU / -0.7006 / 0.8650 / -1.9122 / 0.0001 / *** / -1.6807 / 0.0031 / ** / -0.2253 / 1.0000
SA-FU / -1.2987 / 0.1386 / -2.3927 / 0.0000 / *** / -0.7681 / 0.8007 / -0.1397 / 1.0000
OC-MA / 0.5358 / 0.9977 / 0.8374 / 0.8969 / 1.0052 / 0.7825 / 0.5329 / 0.9988
OR-MA / 0.4409 / 0.9996 / 1.2224 / 0.4468 / 0.6438 / 0.9866 / 0.5373 / 0.9986
PU-MA / -0.4062 / 0.9999 / 0.7708 / 0.9543 / 0.2775 / 1.0000 / 0.4561 / 0.9998
SA-MA / -1.0043 / 0.8805 / 0.2903 / 1.0000 / 1.1901 / 0.6714 / 0.5418 / 0.9993
OR-OC / -0.0949 / 1.0000 / 0.3849 / 0.8895 / -0.3614 / 0.9357 / 0.0045 / 1.0000
PU-OC / -0.9420 / 0.1266 / -0.0666 / 1.0000 / -0.7276 / 0.4165 / -0.0767 / 1.0000
SA-OC / -1.5401 / 0.0011 / ** / -0.5472 / 0.8516 / 0.1850 / 1.0000 / 0.0089 / 1.0000
PU-OR / -0.8471 / 0.2238 / -0.4516 / 0.9107 / -0.3663 / 0.9833 / -0.0812 / 1.0000
SA-OR / -1.4452 / 0.0024 / ** / -0.9321 / 0.1410 / 0.5463 / 0.8749 / 0.0044 / 1.0000
SA-PU / -0.5981 / 0.9211 / -0.4805 / 0.9679 / 0.9126 / 0.3965 / 0.0856 / 1.0000
Occipital breadth / Bullar length / Interpterygoid fossa width
Contrast / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level / Diff / P / Level
AL-AC / 0.1628 / 0.9981 / -0.2790 / 0.8554 / 0.9977 / 0.0000 / ***
AR-AC / -0.0453 / 1.0000 / 0.4639 / 0.9804 / 0.3105 / 0.9997
CI-AC / -1.1401 / 0.0160 / * / -0.9858 / 0.0234 / * / 0.3605 / 0.9860
CN-AC / 0.0146 / 1.0000 / 0.6515 / 0.2255 / -0.2832 / 0.9934
FU-AC / 0.3473 / 0.9957 / -1.5000 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.3574 / 0.9939
MA-AC / 0.2701 / 1.0000 / 0.4325 / 0.9983 / 0.0388 / 1.0000
OC-AC / -0.2523 / 0.9862 / -0.9970 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.5655 / 0.2183
OR-AC / 0.2140 / 0.9947 / 0.0554 / 1.0000 / -0.0726 / 1.0000
PU-AC / -0.9069 / 0.0556 / . / -1.6191 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.5272 / 0.7180
SA-AC / -0.9651 / 0.0860 / . / -0.3654 / 0.9681 / 0.0803 / 1.0000
AR-AL / -0.2081 / 1.0000 / 0.7429 / 0.7075 / -0.6872 / 0.8887
CI-AL / -1.3029 / 0.0041 / ** / -0.7068 / 0.3433 / -0.6372 / 0.6691
CN-AL / -0.1482 / 1.0000 / 0.9305 / 0.0136 / * / -1.2808 / 0.0005 / ***
FU-AL / 0.1845 / 1.0000 / -1.2210 / 0.0071 / ** / -0.6403 / 0.7751
MA-AL / 0.1072 / 1.0000 / 0.7115 / 0.9334 / -0.9589 / 0.8095
OC-AL / -0.4151 / 0.7896 / -0.7180 / 0.0275 / * / -0.4321 / 0.7265
OR-AL / 0.0512 / 1.0000 / 0.3344 / 0.8600 / -1.0703 / 0.0002 / ***
PU-AL / -1.0697 / 0.0146 / * / -1.3401 / 0.0000 / *** / -0.4704 / 0.8751
SA-AL / -1.1279 / 0.0265 / * / -0.0864 / 1.0000 / -0.9173 / 0.1511
CI-AR / -1.0948 / 0.5438 / -1.4497 / 0.0539 / . / 0.0500 / 1.0000
CN-AR / 0.0599 / 1.0000 / 0.1876 / 1.0000 / -0.5936 / 0.9771
FU-AR / 0.3926 / 0.9997 / -1.9639 / 0.0019 / ** / 0.0469 / 1.0000
MA-AR / 0.3154 / 1.0000 / -0.0314 / 1.0000 / -0.2717 / 1.0000
OC-AR / -0.2070 / 1.0000 / -1.4610 / 0.0150 / * / 0.2550 / 1.0000
OR-AR / 0.2593 / 1.0000 / -0.4085 / 0.9947 / -0.3831 / 0.9988
PU-AR / -0.8616 / 0.8019 / -2.0830 / 0.0001 / *** / 0.2167 / 1.0000
SA-AR / -0.9198 / 0.7758 / -0.8293 / 0.7498 / -0.2302 / 1.0000
CN-CI / 1.1547 / 0.1013 / 1.6373 / 0.0001 / *** / -0.6437 / 0.8381
FU-CI / 1.4874 / 0.0352 / * / -0.5142 / 0.9638 / -0.0031 / 1.0000
MA-CI / 1.4101 / 0.4357 / 1.4183 / 0.2409 / -0.3217 / 1.0000
OC-CI / 0.8878 / 0.2816 / -0.0112 / 1.0000 / 0.2050 / 1.0000
OR-CI / 1.3541 / 0.0049 / ** / 1.0412 / 0.0293 / * / -0.4331 / 0.9723
PU-CI / 0.2332 / 1.0000 / -0.6333 / 0.7563 / 0.1667 / 1.0000
SA-CI / 0.1750 / 1.0000 / 0.6204 / 0.8376 / -0.2802 / 0.9998
FU-CN / 0.3327 / 0.9993 / -2.1515 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.6405 / 0.8919
MA-CN / 0.2555 / 1.0000 / -0.2190 / 1.0000 / 0.3219 / 1.0000
OC-CN / -0.2669 / 0.9988 / -1.6485 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.8487 / 0.1703
OR-CN / 0.1994 / 0.9999 / -0.5961 / 0.5013 / 0.2105 / 0.9998
PU-CN / -0.9215 / 0.2701 / -2.2706 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.8104 / 0.4445
SA-CN / -0.9797 / 0.2855 / -1.0169 / 0.1020 / 0.3635 / 0.9970
MA-FU / -0.0772 / 1.0000 / 1.9325 / 0.0250 / * / -0.3186 / 1.0000
OC-FU / -0.5996 / 0.8863 / 0.5030 / 0.9146 / 0.2081 / 1.0000
OR-FU / -0.1333 / 1.0000 / 1.5554 / 0.0002 / *** / -0.4300 / 0.9857
PU-FU / -1.2542 / 0.1007 / -0.1191 / 1.0000 / 0.1698 / 1.0000
SA-FU / -1.3124 / 0.1077 / 1.1346 / 0.1245 / -0.2771 / 0.9999
OC-MA / -0.5224 / 0.9978 / -1.4295 / 0.1454 / 0.5267 / 0.9973
OR-MA / -0.0561 / 1.0000 / -0.3771 / 0.9996 / -0.1114 / 1.0000
PU-MA / -1.1770 / 0.6661 / -2.0516 / 0.0058 / ** / 0.4884 / 0.9991
SA-MA / -1.2351 / 0.6372 / -0.7979 / 0.9251 / 0.0415 / 1.0000
OR-OC / 0.4663 / 0.7659 / 1.0525 / 0.0003 / *** / -0.6382 / 0.2944
PU-OC / -0.6546 / 0.6084 / -0.6220 / 0.4934 / -0.0383 / 1.0000
SA-OC / -0.7128 / 0.6155 / 0.6316 / 0.6070 / -0.4852 / 0.9424
PU-OR / -1.1209 / 0.0174 / * / -1.6745 / 0.0000 / *** / 0.5998 / 0.6941
SA-OR / -1.1791 / 0.0283 / * / -0.4209 / 0.9502 / 0.1530 / 1.0000
SA-PU / -0.0582 / 1.0000 / 1.2536 / 0.0151 / * / -0.4469 / 0.9863