VI. LESSON 6 [Also refer to pg 70 in textbk] Unit 1 – Lessons 1-6 “Describing Matter” (Pages 4-87)
A. Changes in States of Matter
1. Changes in STATESof matter are ______changes because the substance AFTERthe
change is the SAME as the substance you ______with because ONLY its APPEARANCE
changedNOT its ______
2. A substance’s STATE of matter depends on the freedom ofMOTIONand ______
of itsparticles (ATOMS/molecules)
a. (e.g.) the STRONGERthe attraction of the particles;theresult is LESSfreedom to______
3. The ATOMS/molecules of ALLmatter, even SOLIDsubstances, have some degree of______
4. As particles of aSOLID move FASTER they are able to BREAK loose and begin to ______
past one another becoming a ______, then eventually they move in ALL directions as a _____
*5. Changes in MATTER is explained in terms that refer to the “effects of ENERGY”
*a. (e.g.)______energy(energy of MOTION) and ______energy(heat energy)
6. Changing from one STATE of matter to another happens when a substance GAINS or ______
ENERGY
*7. TEMPERATURE is theMEASUREof the average______energy(energy of MOTION)
of the particles(ATOMS/molecules)
*a. The STATE of matter depends on the BALANCEbetween the______energy(energy of
MOTION) and the ENERGYin the bonds(latent heat ENERGY) holding the particles
together
8. When the TEMPERATUREof a substance increases or ______a ______ in
its STATE of mattercan result
a. As the TEMPERATUEof aSOLIDisRAISED,itsparticles______energycausing
MELTING the change in state of matter from a SOLID to a ______
*1. MELTINGPOINT is the specificTEMPERATURE when ______ occurs;
the molecules SPEEDup and the attraction between particles ______
*a. Adding ENERGYmakes molecules of a solidVIBRATE faster,which
continues to ______the temperature until the molecules are ableto“______
free” from their SOLIDposition and become a ______
b. As the TEMPERATUREof aLIQUIDisLOWERED,itsparticles______energy causing
itto______(or solidify) the change in state of matter from a LIQUID to a ______
*1. FREEZINGPOINT is the specific ______when ______ occurs,
which for water is at the SAMEtemperature as when it______(__C)
*a. A LOSS of energy makes the molecules ______downasthe ______
between particles ______until the molecules are able toform their
CRYSTALpatterns and become a ______
*b. Whether a substance is FREEZING or MELTINGdepends on the ______of
matter it is ______in
*1.(e.g.)Ice at 0oCbegins to______, while a puddle of water
begins to ______at 0oC
*c. As the TEMPERATUEof aLIQUIDisRAISED,itsparticles______energy causing it to
VAPORIZE the change in state of matterwhen a LIQUIDgains enough ______
to changeintoa______
*1. There are “2” types of VAPORIZATION: ______and ______
*a. EVAPORATION is VAPORIZATION that takes place only at the
SURFACE of a ______, because as the SURFACE molecules of a liquid
______energy,only those molecules are able to gradually______into the
ATMOSPHERE
*1.(e.g.)waterEVAPORATESat temperatures______than 100oC
*b. BOILINGis VAPORIZATIONtaking place THROUGHOUT a ______
andat theSURFACEas it rapidly changes into a _____ (or vapor)
*c. BOILINGPointthe specific______when each liquid______
*1.(e.g.)waterBOILS at ______C
*2. BOILING Point and AIR Pressure
*a. The ______point also depends on the ______of the air
ABOVE the liquid
*1. The LOWERthe air pressure above a LIQUIDless______ is
needed by the liquid’s MOLECULESto escape into______
*a. (e.g.) With the air______at SEALEVEL, water boils at
_____C, but at much HIGHER elevations the air ______
and the boiling point of water is ______
*b. (e.g.) Denver, Colorado (5,289 ft /1 mi)– water boils at 95o__
d. As the TEMPERATUEof aGASisLOWERED,itsparticles______energy and the
ATTRACTIONof its particlesovercomes the SPEEDof their motion causing the gas
toCONDENSE the change in state of matterwhen a GASlosesenough ______to
change into a______
*1. Special type of CONDENSATION is______
*a. Dew Pointtemperature when a GAS begins to condense into a ______
*2. ______is the opposite of VAPORIZATION
*3. (e.g.) CLOUDS, fog, and the STEAM above a boiling kettle are all ______
water vapor, which are tiny droplets of WATERSUSPENDED in the air
e. Some SOLIDSare able to______enough energythat as theTEMPERATUErises the
______ofthe motionof theirSURFACEparticlescompletely overcomes their
ATTRACTIONto one another causing the SOLIDtochangeDIRECTLYinto a ______
without becomingaLIQUIDcausing SUBLIMATION the change in state ofmatter
from a ______directlyinto a ____
*1. (e.g.) Dry ice (or solidCO2) never MELTS, but rather changes directlyINTO a ____
from its______state ofMATTER
*a. Solid CO2(-800 C)coming in contact with warmer air(250 C)______,
and as the water vaporin the ATMOSPHEREcomes near the cold CO2,
______occurs and FOG appears
f. DEPOSITION(or desublimation)changing fromaGASstate of matter______to
the______state because the GAS particles ______energy and the ______ of
the particles LOCK into a rigid, SOLID structureWITHOUT ever becoming a ______
*a. (e.g.) Ice CRYSTALSforming on the INSIDE of a cold glass window
B. Energy and Motion of Particles
1.What DOESchange when changing ______of matter:
- itsPHYSICAL state changes (however, it REMAINS the same kind of ______)
- its______(how it looks; its FORM)
- the ______of the particles (gaining orLOSING)
- the______of the particles (FASTorSLOW)
- the______of the particles (STRONGforSOLIDS;LESSfor______;
NONEfor______)
2. What doesNOTchange when changing ______of matter
- the CHEMICAL______of thematter (e.g. ICEandLIQUID water are both ____)
*C. ILLUSTRATION of Relationships Between States of Matter:
______
______
*D. LATENT HEAT andChanges of States [Refer to pg76]
(w/water from -10o C to 110o C)
*1. Below0oCwater exists in its SOLID state of matter as ______( -10o C)
*2. When HEATED, the solid ice moleculesVIBRATEfaster and the temperature______
*3. With the addition of moreENERGY added to the ice at0oC, the ice begins toMELT and
turns into a ______, but the overall temperature of the ice and liquid remains at0oC
a. TEMPERATUREchanges and changes ofSTATESof matter do NOThappen at the
SAMEtime, therefore the______will remain CONSTANTuntil the change in
______of matter isCOMPLETE
*b. Before the temperature of the water can rise above 0oC, it MUST be totally in its LIQUID
state of matter due to latent heat (the “hidden heat” that causes a solid to ______ before
RAISING the overall temperature of the LIQUID)
*c. LATENT heat provides the ENERGY for the molecules to be rearranged, but it does
NOT make the moleculesmove______and therefore the overall
temperature of the substance remains at the current______
*4. As the totallyLIQUID water is heated by the surrounding 25oC of the room, its temperature will
NOWcontinue to ______, and as moreENERGYis added the temperature of the water will rise
ABOVE0o C and continue until it reaches ____C causing EVAPORATION, a special type of
______to occur to the ______molecules only
*5. As even moreENERGY is added with the aid of a heat source (aBunsen burner), the liquid water
reaches 100oCcausing______, another special type of VAPORIZATION to occurto
ALLthe molecules______the liquid
*a. LATENT heat again provides the ______for the molecules to be rearranged andescape
the liquid state and become a ______calledWATERVAPOR, but it does NOT make the
molecules move______, therefore the overall temperatureof the LIQUIDremains
at100oC until ______the liquidCHANGES into a ______
*6. Water MUST be in its GAS state before the MOLECULES can once again move ______ and
the temperature is able to RISEabove_____Ctoa temperature of110oC
*7. When the water vaporCONDENSES, which makes it VISIBLE and is calledSTEAM, some
ENERGY is ______and the temperature becomes ______than110o C
*a. When water vapor touches your skin, it first BURNS you at a temperature of 110oC, then as
it CONDENSES back into a ______it continues to ______your skin at a temperature of
100oC
*b. (drawing)
*E. ILLUSTRATION to Determine States of Matter:
(givenMelting Pointand Boiling Point temperatures)
SUBSTANCE / SOLID(below MP) / Melting Point / LIQUID
(between MP & BP) / Boiling Point / GAS
(above BP)
(i.e.)
water
[H2O] / 00 C / 1000 C
(i.e.)
chloroform
[CHCl3] / -640 C / 610 C
(i.e.)
ethanol
[C2H2 O] / -1170 C / 790 C
(i.e.)
propane
[C3H8] / -1900 C / -420 C
(i.e.)
sodium chloride
(table salt)
[NaCl] / 8010 C / 1,4650 C
1. Which substance is a gas at 25o C (room temperature)? ______
2. What is the state of matter of water at 83o C? ______
3. If the temperature of ethanol changed from 65o C = ______to 85o C = ____, what type of change (physical or chemical) would
take place? ______WHY? ______
4. Name the substance that is a solid at room temperature (25o C)? ______
5. What would the state of matter be for the other 4 substances at room temperature?
______; ______; ______; ______
6. The boiling point of [C7 H16] is 98o C. Which of the five substances could be confused with heptane based on only knowing that
one characteristic property? What else would you need to know in order to distinguish water from heptane? ______
______
______
7. Which substance changes its state of matter when heated from 10o C = ______to 77o C = ______? ______
8. What would happen to the other 4 substances when heated from 10o C to 77o C?
______; ______;
______; ______
*F. Law of Conservation of Energy
*1. Law of Conservation of ENERGY states that the TOTAL amount of ______always stays
theSAME regardless of how many times it undergoes a ______and/or CHEMICAL change
*2. CONSERVATION means “to protect from LOSS” (Earth Sci); orstays the______(Chemistry)
*3. ENERGY can CHANGE from one FORM to another, but ______is ______created or
______
*a. (e.g.)Igniting a match changespotential energy(STORED energy) into ______ energy
(heat energy),______energy, CHEMICAL energy, and ______energy
(______of motion)
*1. Although the ENERGYchanges into many different FORMS, the TOTALamount of
energy produced in a BURNING match is ______to the amount of ______
energySTORED in an unlitMATCHand therefore ENERGYis ______
G. Law of Conservation of Mass
*1. Law of CONSERVATIONOFMASS states that during a CHEMICAL reaction, MATTER
cannot be______or ______
2. The TOTAL amount of ______always stays the______ regardless of how many times it
undergoes a PHYSICAL and/or ______change
*3. CONSERVATIONin chemistry meansstays the______
*4. MASS can ______be CREATEDorDESTROYED;the atomsof the mattercan be
REARRANGED, but their ______always remainCONSTANT
*5. In other words, the amount of MATTER during a CHEMICALreaction does ____change, so the
total______of the REACTANTS(the original substances)must______thetotal______
of the PRODUCTS(the NEW substances)
*H. Balancing Chemical Equations (also known as “STOICHIOMETRY”)
*1. For a chemical EQUATION to be ______, both the REACTANT(left side of equation)
andPRODUCT(rightside of equation) sides MUST contain the sameELEMENTS and the same
NUMBER of ______per element
*2. (e.g.) C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
Read as:
“__” molecule ofPROPANECOMBINESwith“__”DIATOMIC molecules ofOXYGEN gas which YIELDS“__”MOLECULESofCARBONDIOXIDEAND“__”MOLECULES of WATER
Balancing the equation:C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
Reactants(original substances): Products(new substances):
Elements: Number of atoms/element: Elements: Number of atoms/element:
__ = __ __= __
__ = __ __ = __
__ = __ __ = (__ + __) __
*3. (e.g.) 2 SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4
Read as:
“__” MOLECULESofSULFUR dioxide______with“__”DIATOMIC molecule ofOXYGEN gas which______with“__” MOLECULESofWATERthat ______“__” MOLECULESofsulfuric acid
Balancing the equation: 2 SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4
Reactants: Products:
Elements: Number of atoms/element: Elements: Number of atoms/element:
__ = __ __ = __
__ = (__ + __ + __) __ __ = __
__ = __ __ = __