Study GuideNAME______

– Digestive System

PART ONE: Fill in the missing words in the following description of the digestive system.

  1. Food is received by the ______, which possesses ______to grind and break up

particles. ______glands secrete ______that moistens food and binds it

together for swallowing. The taste of food is detected by ______located on the ______.

  1. At the back of the mouth, the muscular ______is involved in swallowing food. The

epiglottis folds over the glottis during the swallowing ______.

  1. The esophagus propels food toward the ______, using muscular contractions called

______. At the upper end of the esophagus, a muscular ring called a(n) ______

regulates the entrance of food to the esophagus.

  1. The stomach is lined with ______that secretes protective ______. Otherwise,

the lining would be injured by the strong ______acid secreted by ______glands.

Gastric juice also contains ______that breaks down proteins.

  1. The layer of the digestive tract that houses blood vessels is the ______. The

______layer contains two layers of smooth muscle. The outside layer, ______

protects the digestive tube.

  1. The first section of the small intestine is the ______. It receives secretions from the

______and ______and also receives food known as ______from the

stomach.

  1. The mucosa of the small intestine is folded into ______, which, in turn, have projections

from individual cells called ______. Proteins in the microvilli transport nutrients such

as ______directly into the blood stream, and fats must be reconstructed so they can

travel into vessels of the lymphatic system called ______.

  1. State the purpose of the microvilli ______
  1. A number of hormones control the secretions of digestive juices. ______is secreted in

response to protein in foods and enhances gastric gland output, while ______inhibits

gastric secretion. ______is secreted in response to acidic chyme. When fats are

present in chyme, ______triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder.

  1. The large intestine functions to store and compact ______. Unusual outgrowths of the

lining of the colon, called ______can be either benign or cancerous. Colon cancer incidence

increases for people who do not have enough ______in their diets.

  1. Pancreatic juice contains a mix of ______solution to neutralize stomach acid, and digestive

______to further break down food.

  1. The liver produces a greenish substance called ______, which is stored and concentrated

by the ______. The liver has been called the ______to the blood because it

detoxifies substances entering the flood from the ______. Other functions of the

liver include ______, ______, and ______.

  1. ______is an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a viral infection, while

______is damage caused by chronic alcohol abuse.

  1. ______is a fat-digesting enzyme produced by the accessory organ, the ______.

Starch digestion begins in the ______with salivary ______and continues in the

______with pancreatic ______.

  1. Protein digestion begins in the ______where the enzyme ______is produced, and

continues in the small intestine with the aid of the enzyme ______from the pancreas.

PART THREE: Nutrition

16. What are the recommended daily allowances of the following nutrients?

Bread, rice, pasta ______Meat, poultry, fish and beans ______

Dairy ______Vegetables ______

Fruit ______Sweets, fats, and oils ______

  1. Of the macronutrients, ______are the primary source of energy in the diet, while

______supply building materials. ______are stored to supply energy at a later time.

  1. In the small intestine, ______and ______pass into the wall of the small intestine and

from there, into ______. Fats travel a different route, into ______after being

reconstructed in intestinal cells.

  1. It is recommended that carbohydrates comprise ____ % of calories in the diet, with the bulk

of those being ______carbohydrates. Fats should be less than _____ % of total calories

for the day, especially keeping ______fats to a minimum.

  1. Many vitamins function as ______in various metabolic pathways. Vitamin ____ is

important as a visual pigment, and vitamin _____ is turned into a compound that enhances

calcium absorption. Vitamins ______are antioxidants.

  1. Too much of the mineral ______can lead to hypertension. The mineral ______is a

major component of bones and teeth.

  1. ______is an eating disorder most commonly found in adolescent females who view

themselves as fat when they are not. ______, the most common eating disorder, can be

controlled by a low-fat diet combined with adequate ______.

BE SURE TO DO THE BACK PAGE!!!

PART TWO: Working Together

22. The Working Together diagram in your textbook illustrates the ways in which the digestive system benefits other organ systems of the body. Match the organ systems with the correct descriptions.

______Integumentary System______Nervous System

______Respiratory System______Urinary System

______Lymphatic System______Reproductive System

______Circulatory System______Endocrine System

______Skeletal System______Muscular System

  1. Digestive tract provides nutrients for plasma protein formation and blood cell formation; liver detoxifies blood, makes plasma proteins, destroys old red blood cells
  2. Liver synthesizes urea; digestive tract excretes bile pigments from liver and provides nutrients.
  3. Digestive tract provides nutrients needed by the skin.
  4. Digestive tract provides nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of neurons and neuroglial cells.
  5. Digestive tract provides glucose for muscle activity; liver metabolizes lactic acid following anaerobic muscle activity
  6. Breathing is possible through the mouth because digestive tract and respiratory tract share the pharynx.
  7. Stomach and small intestine produce hormones.
  8. Digestive tract provides nutrients for lymphoid organs; stomach acidity prevents pathogen invasion of the body.
  9. Digestive tract provides nutrients for growth and repair of organs and for development of fetus.
  10. Digestive tract provides Ca++ and other nutrients for bone growth and repair.