LCI Datasets for the Mineral Chainsaw Oil

ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table of contents

LCI datasets for the mineral chainsaw oil

1.Extraction of crude

2.Base oil manufacture

2.1. Baseline scenario

2.2 Sensitivity analysis

LCI datasets for the additives

1.Choice of the additives

2.Modeling of the additives

LCI datasets for the mineral chainsaw oil

Extraction of crude

Table 1Inventory of inputs associated with the extraction and the transport steps of crude oil

Value / Unit
(all data per ton of crude oil) / Source
Extraction
Diesel consumption / 490 / MJ / Eurobitume 2011
Transport to the refinery
Heavy fuel oil / 18.1 / kg / Eurobitume 2011

Table 2 Inventory of outputs associated with the extraction and the transport steps of crude oil

Value / Unit
(all data per ton of crude oil) / Source
EXTRACTION
Emissions to air / Eurobitume 2011
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
CH4
NMVOC
Particulates / 70140
366
760
140
170
350
93 / g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Emissions to water
Oil
Emissions to soil
Oil
TRANSPORT
Emissions to air
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
Hydrocarbon / 4.11
10.23
56443
64,3
964
864
4.95 / g
g
g
g
g
g
g / Eurobitume 2011

Base oil manufacture

2.1. Baseline scenario

Fig. 1Flowchart of the production of mineral base oil

Table 3Yield ratios of products by the base oil production chain

Refiningstep / Yield per
process step
(%w) / Source
Atmospheric distillation
Gaz
Naphta
Gas oil
Atmospheric residue / 2
21
36
41 / Fehrenbach, 2005
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum gas oil
Distillate
Vacuum residue / 4
56
40 / Fehrenbach, 2005
Deasphalting
Asphalt fraction
Deasphalted fraction / 30
70 / Fehrenbach, 2005
Solvent extraction
Aromatic components
Dearomatizedfraction / 35
65 / Fehrenbach, 2005
Hydro-treatment
Hydro-treated fraction
Solvent dewaxing
Wax
Dewaxed fraction / 100
20
80 / Fehrenbach, 2005
Fehrenbach, 2005
Hydrofinishing
Impurities
Base oil / 5
95 / Mortier et al. 2010

Table 4Energy and auxiliary consumption of the process steps of base oil refining chain (Fehrenbach 2005)

Step / Consumption
(data per ton of input)
Atmospheric distillation
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas / 415.6 MJ
221.5 MJ
36.98 MJ
18.4 MJ
Vacuum distillation
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas / 415.6 MJ
221.5 MJ
36.98 MJ
18.4 MJ
Deasphalting
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas / 183.4 MJ
554.3 MJ
6.21 MJ
1.96 MJ
Solvent extraction
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
NMP
Process water / 623.5 MJ
429.0 MJ
48.18 MJ
27.39 MJ
0.8 kg
49 kg
Hydro-treatment
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Dewaxing
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Dichloromethane
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Process water
Hydrofinishing
Refinery gaz
Heavy fuel
Petroleum coke
Natural gas
Process water / 452.1MJ
653.82MJ
34.28MJ
13.8MJ
1160.3 MJ
1790.4 MJ
99.27 MJ
31.05 MJ
0.6 kg
0.4 kg
169 kg
368.94 MJ
461.38 MJ
33.19 MJ
11.49 MJ
73 kg

2.2 Sensitivity analysis

Table 5 Production yield ratios by the mineral base oil production chain according to Fehrenbach (2005) and Mortier et al. (2010)

Refiningstep / Yield per process step
(Fehrenbach 2005) / Yield per process step
(Mortier et al. 2010)
Atmospheric distillation
Gaz
Naphta
Gas oil
Atmosphericresidue / 2
21
36
41 / 2
21
36
41
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum gas oil
Distillate
Vacuum residue / 4
56
40 / 4
56
40
Deasphalting
Asphalt fraction
Deasphalted fraction / 30
70 / 65
35
Solvent extraction
Aromatic components
Dearomatized fraction / 35
65 / 49
51
High pressure hydrogenation
Hydrogenated fraction
Solvent dewaxing
Wax
Dewaxed fraction / 100
20
80 / /
24
76
Hydrofinishing
Impurities
Base oil / 5
95 / 5
95

LCI datasets for the additives

Choice of the additives

Polymethacrylate (PMA) was chosen as a classical pour point depressant found in chainsaw oils. PMA can be used in the formulation of mineral and vegetable based lubricants (PMA being diluted either in mineral or in vegetable oil). PMA additives are synthesized by polymerization of various methacrylate monomers that differ by length of the pendant side chains (Rudnick 2009). Methacrylate monomers were chosen as representative for modeling PMA. These monomers can be produced by the reaction of methyl methacrylate with alcohol. The steps involved in their production are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Methacrylate monomer synthesis

Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) was chosen as a classical anti-oxidant for vegetable oil.Industrially, BHT is obtained by reacting p-cresol with isobutylene in the presence of a strong acid (see Fig. 3). p-Cresol is commercially produced by toluene oxidation via sulfonation with sulphuric acid (Sad et al. 2008). In industry, isobutylene is traditionally produced by dehydrogenation of isobutane and butane (Sangalov et al. 2001 ).

Fig. 3 BHT synthesis

Modeling of the additives

The proposed ecoinvent correspondences and assumptions for modeling additives are reported in Table 6.

Table 6 Main data and assumptions for the simplified LCA of additives

Category / Selected additive / Proposedcorrespondence (Ecoinvent database) / Relative composition / Decisioncriteria
Pour point depressant / Polymethacrylate (PMA) /

Methylmethacrylate, at plant RER
1-Pentanol, at plant RER

/ 54%
46% / Proxy synthesisprocess
Anti-oxidant / Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) /

Toluene, liquid, at plant RER
Propane/Butane at refinery, RER

/ 49%
51% / Proxy synthesis process and proxy product

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