Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Supplementary material for
Experiments in water-macrophyte systems to uncover the dynamics of pesticide mitigation processes in vegetated surface waters/streams
Christoph Stang1,*, Nikita Bakanov1 and Ralf Schulz1
1 Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
*Corresponding author:
Table S1 Recovery rates (±relative standard deviation; RSD) for the extraction of the investigated pesticides by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) from the aqueous and macrophyte samples, respectively.
Aqueous phase / Elodea nuttallii / Ceratophyllum demersum / Potamogeton crispus
Imidacloprid / 90.6±6.2 / 79.2±3.7 / 69.7±8.8 / 82.3±3.2
Isoproturon / 106.9±4.4 / 76.2±3.9 / 76.7±8.1 / 83.1±2.2
Bifenox / 84.6±14.3 / 79.0±4.0 / 84.3±9.4 / 91.5±3.8
Tebufenozide / 98.0±3.2 / 93.4±3.5 / 93.9±8.0 / 99.4±1.7
Difenoconazole / 95.2±9.7 / 77.8±3.0 / 72.4±6.3 / 78.1±1.2
Table S2 UHPLC1-gradient for the determination of the investigated pesticides. Both eluents contained 0.1% formic acid and 4 mM ammonium format.
Time / Eluents / Flow rate (µL/min)A
(MilliQ) / B
(Methanol)
0 – 2 / 95 / 5 / 200
2 – 10 / 0 / 100 / 200
10 – 12 / 95 / 5 / 200
1 The UHPLC-System consisted of UHPLC-Pump (Accela; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) and a Hypersil Gold C18 separating column (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.9 µm particle size; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany).
Table S3 Parameters for the identification and quantification of the investigated pesticides in aqueous and macrophyte samples.
Pesticide / Molecular mass (g/mol) / Adduct / m/z / Electrospray Ionisation / Retention time (min) / LOQ(µg/L; µg/kg)
Imidacloprid / 255.0518 / [M+H] / 256.0596 / + / 4.2 / 1
Isoproturon / 206.1414 / [M+H] / 207.1492 / + / 4.6 / 1
Bifenox / 340.9852 / [M+NH4] / 359.0196 / + / 5.0 / 3
Tebufenozide / 352.2145 / [M+H] / 353.2223 / + / 4.8 / 1
Difenoconazole / 405.0641 / [M+H] / 406.0720 / + / 4.5 / 1
Bifenox-acid / 326.9696 / [M-H] / 325.9617 / - / 4.5 / -
Table S4 Partitioning coefficients calculated to describe adsorption (logKD_Adsorp) as well as desorption (logKD_Desorp) processes on the basis of the results of the semi-static short-term exposure experiments.
Macrophyte / KD_Adsorp / KD_DesorpBifenox / Difenoconazole / Tebufenozide / Isoproturon / Imidacloprid / Bifenox / Difenoconazole
E. nuttallii / 2.19±0.08 / 1.43±0.02 / 0.67±0.01 / 0.71±0.05 / 0.22±0.02 / 2.03±0.07 / 1.56±0.07
C. demersum / 2.11±0.04 / 1.34±0.05 / 0.54±0.05 / 0.70±0.02 / 0.27±0.06 / 1.98±0.06 / 1.22±0.72
P. crispus / 2.14±0.07 / 1.57±0.03 / 0.90±0.05 / 0.33±0.05 / 0.39±0.06 / 1.85±0.09 / 1.56±0.07
Figure S1 Concentration gradients of the investigated pesticides during the experimental phase (48 hours) of the static long-term scenario.
Figure S2 Chromatogram of the reference standard for bifenox-acid (A) and an aqueous sample from a bifenox treatment containing E. nuttallii (B).
Figure S3 Signal intensity of the ion with the mass-to-charge ratio of 325.9617 m/z identified as the [M-H]--adduct of bifenox-acid in aqueous samples that were taken from bifenox treatments 48 hours after the start of the static long-term experiments.