NOTES-Chapter 8 Section 1: New Movements in America

NOTES-Chapter 8 Section 1: New Movements in America

Main Idea: A revival in religion in the early 1800s helped lead to an era of reform.

Religion Sparks Reform

The Second Great Awakening

·  1820s and 1830s revival preachers traveled across America calling people back to Christianity

·  Preachers like Charles Grandison Finney had thousands embrace his message

·  By 1850, ______ as many Americans attended church than when Washington was president

·  People urged to live well and make society better in service to God – “their ______ lay in their own hands” àled to the ______

The Temperance Movement

·  Movement to reduce to use of alcoholic beverages (temperance means moderation)

·  Reformers wrote books, plays, and songs about the evils of alcohol

·  Claimed it led to poverty, sickness, ______ and the break-up of families

·  12 states outlaw alcohol

Reforming Education

Common Schools and McGuffey

·  Before 1840, public schools (called common schools) were poor and poorly attended

·  People began to push for better public schools

·  William ______ wrote a series of books designed to teach students both reading skills and morals

·  Over 100 million books were sold in the middle and late 1800s

Horace Mann

·  Was Secretary of Education in MA

·  Started state-funded schools

·  Compulsory attendance

·  Created ______ to train teachers

·  Other states followed his example, and by 1860 60% of white children attended public school nation-wide

Reforming Prisons

·  Dorethea ______ campaigned for humane treatment of both prisoners and the mentally ill

·  Mentally ill were often put in crowded, unsanitary prisons and were often abused

·  Starting in MA, states began building mental health ______ to house mentally ill citizens

Transcendentalism and Utopianism

·  Transcendentalist movement: the belief that knowledge is found by observation, reason, intuition and personal spiritual experiences

·  Ralph Waldo ______- leader of the movement; wrote that people should be self-reliant and trust their intuition

·  Henry David ______- tried self-reliance through living alone at Walden Pond and living simply

·  He also introduced the idea of ______: disobeying the government when you think they are wrong (went to prison for not paying taxes that would help fight a war he disagreed with)

·  Ideas are later adopted by Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

·  Some reformers wanted to create brand-new, perfect societies (called ______)

·  90 communities were founded in the early 1800s

·  Most famous were New Harmony and Brook Farm

·  Most successful were the Shakers

·  All were small and short lived (conflict among members)

NOTES-Chapter 8 Section 2: Early Immigration and Urban Reform

Main Idea: A wave of Irish and German immigrants entered the United States during a period of urbanization and reform.

Irish and German Immigrants

Push and Pull Factors

·  Pushes- reasons immigrants ______ their home country

o  Most common are poverty, disease, war/persecution

·  Pulls- reasons immigrants ______ to a new country

o  Most common are freedom and economic opportunity (jobs)

Irish and Germans

·  1845-1849: blight (disease) destroys the potato crop in Ireland

·  By 1850 more than a million die in the ______

·  More than 2 million leave Ireland, 1.5 million come to the US

·  Germans came to the US to escape poverty, religious persecution, and unrest (about 1.5 million came to the US)

The Lives of Immigrants

Irish versus Germans

·  Irish faced the most hostility

·  They were resented for their numbers, their poverty, and their religion (______)

·  They also tended to stay together within cities

·  By contrast, Germans tended to be ______ and were middle class

·  They tended to spread out across the country (settled in the Midwest)

Nativism and the Know-Nothings

·  As more immigrants entered the US ______ increased (fear/hostility towards immigrants)

·  Many viewed them as a threat to their way of life

·  Anti-immigrant sentiment led to the creation of the ______

·  They later reformed as the American Party that ran on an anti-immigration platform

·  They had more than a million members by 1850 and ran a presidential candidate in 1856

Reform, Urbanization, and Industrialization

Urbanization and Reform

·  Urbanization- ______ of cities

·  Many were immigrants looking for work

·  Many city dwellers lived in ______: poorly constructed, crowded apartment buildings

·  Tenements had problems with sanitation, disease, and crime

·  Some reformers tried to help tenement dwellers, but not much progress was made

Industrialization and Reform

·  Industrialization: making things in ______

·  From 1820 to 1850, the percentage of factory workers rose from 5% to 30%

·  Led to a rise in the ______, most of which were poor and uneducated

·  Workers began to organize in groups to demand better pay and working conditions, most of these efforts failed

NOTES-Chapter 8 Section 3: Women and Reform

Main Idea: After leading reform movements to help others, some American women began to work on behalf of themselves.

Limits on Women’s Lives

·  Women had legal, economic, and cultural limits in the 19th century

·  Legal: Women were not allowed to ______; the only legal contract they could enter into was marriage, but they were not usually allowed to divorce and the husband gained custody of the children if they did divorce

·  Economic: not allowed to own property; many women worked but they received ______ that technically belonged to their husband

·  Cultural: women were pressured to remain in the home taking care of children and household tasks; books and magazines praised women who stayed at home and obeyed their husbands (called the ______)

o  Society feared industrialization was threatening the American family by taking women out of the household

Women in the Reform Era

·  Despite being excluded from most of public life, women did play an active role in the reform movement (saw it as an act of ‘mothering’ society)

·  Middle class women began forming ______ in the 1830s and 1840s to promote social reforms like moral improvement and aid to the poor

·  Women like Catherine Beecher worked for better educational opportunities for boys ______

·  Oberlin College: 1st American college to admit women (1833)

·  Mount Holyoke: 1st women’s college (1837)

·  women also work in labor movements to win better pay and working conditions in factories

·  Women worked passionately in temperance reform because of the effects of alcohol use on families

The Seneca Falls Convention

·  Held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY; marks the beginning of the women’s movement

·  Women believed that having more political power would help them achieve the reforms they were working towards

·  Convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott after they were not allowed to speak at an anti-slavery convention and were segregated from the men

·  300 attended the meeting and drafted the ______; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, it listed abused men perpetrated against women and demanded equality and the right to vote (______)

NOTES-Chapter 8 Section 4: Fighting against Slavery

Main Idea: The movement to end slavery dominated the Reform Era.

The Lives of Enslaved African Americans

Work

·  Slavery existed in every American colony and in the North until the 1840s

·  1860: 4 million slaves in the South

·  Most lived on farms and ______ cultivating cotton

·  Slaves in cities were usually hired out as day laborers or in factories; the money went to the owner

Life Style

·  Worked from sun-up to sun-down

·  Poorly fed, clothed, and sheltered

·  Abuse was common and families were frequently ______

·  Major source of hope lay in their Christian religion and music

·  Focused on the Exodus story

The Antislavery Movement in the South

Revolts

·  1776-1860: over 200 slave uprisings, most short lived

·  1830: Nat Turner’s Rebellion- most deadliest ______ in US history (killed dozens of white people before being captured

·  White people in the Virginia community killed 100 slaves unrelated to the revolt to prevent future actions

·  About 40,000 were able to escape to freedom in the North before 1860

The Underground Railroad

·  Underground Railroad: an informal system of escape where free blacks and sympathetic whites would aid ______ as they traveled North

·  Quakers, a religious group that disagreed with slavery were very active in the movement

·  most famous ‘conductor’ was Harriett Tubman- led hundreds to freedom

The Abolition Movement

Roots and Leaders

·  Second Great Awakening led many Northerners to believe that slavery was evil and should be ______ (ended)

·  This was the LARGEST reform movement of the reform era

·  William Lloyd Garrison: wanted ______ emancipation (not gradual); published the anti-slavery paper The Liberator

·  Grimke sisters: Southern white women opposed to slavery

·  Frederick Douglas: run-away slave who spoke against slavery; wrote an autobiography to answer critics who claimed he was too well educated and well-spoken to have been a slave

Opposition

·  Southerners, even those who did not own slaves, saw the abolition movement as an ______ on Southern livelihood (money) and way of life

·  Some tried to use the Bible to justify slavery

·  Most claimed it was an economic necessity

·  By 1860 cotton comprised ______ of all US exports and Northern factories were dependent upon cheap Southern cotton

·  Not all Northerners were pro-abolition (feared job competition)