Test Preparation Review
Chapter 1
History and Philosophy in Sport and Physical Education
To help prepare for exam, know the following ideas, concepts, and contributions of the individuals listed as well as the various definiation and explainations that are noted in this study guide. There are 63 questions on this exam. Questions 1-36 are multiple choice, 37-45 are true & false, 46-53 are multiple choice, questions 54-63 are true and false.
According to the following individuals, why should you study history?
George Santayana
Norman Cousins
Jacques Barzun
Brian Sutton Smith
Can history inspire?
Can history be presented as a chronology of dates and events?
Can history be described objectively?
Can history be subject to interpretation?
Does history have utility e.g. can you actually study and then use history to forcast and plan?
Utility of ideas
- Identify ideas and practices that have withstood the test of time e.g. are “timeless”
- Ability to "think outside the box" via the the application of critical thought.
- The understanding and application of history, especially the history of "ideas" and their track record of success or failure will serve to demonstrate your analytical ability – tothink beyond conventional ideas and concepts to not only reach the next level but IDENTIFY the next level - the next great discovery or approach.
Definitions: history, descriptive history, interpretive history, primary sources, secondary sources
Examples of primary sources:
Illiad and Odyssey
pottery and art
eyewitness accounts
film documentaries
Examples of secondary sources:
academic journal articles that do not report original research.
most textbooks
Definitions in philosophy:
metaphysics
ontology
epistemology
axiology.
Specific types of interpretive histories:
urbanization and industrialization
modernization theory
metaphysics and ontology
What does Michael Oriard want you to know – to understand in “Reading Football ?”
How does ontology help us understand change over time with respect to sport history?
How does urbanization and industrialization help us understand change over time with respect to sport history?
How does modernization theory help us understand change over time with respect to sport history?
The changing attitude about the worth/value of the human body in the 2Ith century
Metaphysical Dualism of ancient Greeks
Nature of reality
Dualism – still appeals to lots of people
Judeo Christian beliefs support dualistic thinking
Many traditional philosophical schools incorporate dualism
American education traditionally has been dualistic – classroom and laboratory education to develop the mind / intellect and physical education to develop the body.
Epistemology
How do we come to “know” things – acquire knowledge?
Is the body / senses an accurate representation of reality?
Do you believe everything you see and hear is real and 100% accurate?
How many "ways of knowing" do you have at your disposal?
Via science?
Via theology?
Via philosophy?
Via history?
Via past experience / past history?
Via instinct?
Via news reports and information from friends and family?
Monism – Does not separate or fragment human existence into two parts as does dualism
Believes in the “whole person,” no differentiation between mind & body
Phenomenology and existentialism tend to support monism
Some eastern religions are monistic, not dualistic. Popularity of some eastern religions and martial arts continues to grow in the west.
Akido and other forms of martial arts integrate (not separate) the qualities of mind, body, and spirit into ONE. Does sport reflect a philosophical history that engenders certain sports to certain philosophical schools?
Subjectivity
Supports the individual and his/her feelings
Values personal meaning
Within the realm of physical education and sport, supports and encourages individuals to express and become aware of human movement.
Pragmatism
One of the first philosophical schools to reject metaphysical dualism.
How do pragmatists view human existence?
To what extent does pragmatism reflect the beliefs of Darwin?
What two things or interests did pragmatism evolve from?
Nature of Existentialism
Existence
Essence
Authenticity
Soren Kierkegaard
Three stages of life experience
Friedrich Nietzsche
“Superman”
The Will to Power
Belief in the body is more fundamental than the belief in the soul.
Live life dangerously
Stressed importance of physicality and physical fitness to challenge nature
Phenomenology
Object of phenomenology - go directly to the experience and enjoy it for what it is to YOU.
Personal experience and personal meaning
Personal meaning and personal development through movement
Jean Paul Sartre
Three dimensions of the human body
What seems to be the general trend regarding attitudes toward the human body and human movement – value of physical fitness and athletic competition – in the 21 century?
The following terms, concepts, and people will definitely be on your exam, the number in ( ) indicate the number of questions on the exam devoted to this person, term, or concept.
George Santayana, Norman Cousins, Roman term for stadium, Roman races, Brian Sutton Smith / Buffered Cultural Learning, Jacques Barzun, “Sport” as defined – first used, Johan Huizinga – Homo Ludens, J. Levy, Characteristics of sport, define history, Michael Oriad (4), Descriptive history, Interpretive history, primary sources, secondary sources, Metaphysics (3), Modernization Theory, Play Theory, Homer’s Illiad (2), Thomas Hobbes, Descartes, John Dewey, Plato and Socrates, Dualism, Christianity, Existentialism (10), Phenomenology (11), F. Nietzsche – Superman/beyond good and evil (4), first college football game, John Dewey’s Pragmitism (4) Soren Kierkagaard – 3 stages of life experience,
Test Preparation 1-1