Unit II B : Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion
Factors in Promoting Westward Expansion :
______ : Belief that it was God’s will that the U.S. should expand across the continent. Term first used by
______( 295 )
Technology : Helped to make farming possible in the west ( 295 )
______: Invented the steel-tipped plow to till the hard sod
( soil ) of the grassy Midwestern plains
______: Invented the mechanical reaper. Allowed faster
harvest so more crops could be grown
Trails West : Explorers found paths westward for settlers ( 295 – 297 )
______: Explorer of the West ( Unit I B notes )
______: “Mountain man”/ fur trapper ( 1st one )
Northwest : ______Trail to lands in NW. claimed by U.S. & Britain
West : ______Trail to Utah ; led by ______
Southwest : Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico and Butterfield Overland Trail to Texas
______were trapped in the Sierra Nevada Mts. during winter and
resorted to cannibalism to survive.
Legislation : Promoted westward settlement
______: Law allowed people who settled on lands they did not
own ( squatters ) to claim and buy the land
______: Law sold 160 acre plots of land for only $10 ( 421 )
Gold Rush : The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in ______in 1848 led
to a rush of settlers the following year ( 49 ers )
Expansion of Slavery : Plantation owners wanted new lands to expand cotton production.
Independence for Texas
Mexico had invited Americans to help settle Texas but they soon came to outnumber native Mexicans. Mexico was concerned that the American settlers maintained their cultural and economic ties to the U.S. so it restricted the trade of Texas with the U.S. and ended ______in 1830. This angered the settlers. (301 )
______became dictator of Mexico in 1834. Negotiations with Mexico broke
down ( 302 )
______became the commander of Texan forces
______Where a small Texan force were all killed in defending a fortified
Spanish mission. Became the rallying cry for Texas independence (302 )
______Battle where Texan forces defeated the Mexican army and gained their
independence. ( 303 )
The Republic of Texas was established with ______ as its first president and petitioned to join the U.S.. They were refused entry at that time as another slave state would aggravate tensions between the North and South and worsen relations with Mexico. ( 304 )
Election of 1844 : ( 307 )
______ran for the Whig Party. He was for annexation ( taking over ) of Texas if it didn’t involve war with Mexico. This caused northern antislavery Whigs to support the Liberty Party which wanted to abolish slavery
______ran for the Democrats. He was a surprise candidate ( “ dark horse”) and was for Manifest Destiny and annexation of Texas. He won the election.
The Mexican-American War : ( 1846 – 1848 ) ( 308 – 311 )
Under Pres. James K. Polk, the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845. This angered Mexico. Polk sent ______to Mexico to offer to buy California and New Mexico but they refused.
______River : was claimed by the U.S. as the border with Mexico while Mexico claimed the more northern Nueces River as the boundary.
______: General sent by Pres. Polk into the disputed territory. Fighting broke out. Polk claimed Americans were attacked on U.S. soil and Congress declared war.
Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln questioned Pres. Polk’s claims that U.S. sovereignty had been violated. Transcendentalist author Henry D. Thoreau advocated resistance to the war which he felt was unjust in his Essays on Civil Disobedience.
American settlers in California led an uprising against Mexico and established the ______Republic until U.S. forces took over. U.S. forces invaded Mexico and captured Mexico City in September of 1848.
The Treaty of ______ended the war.
The U.S. gained ______and ______in exchange for $15 million and assumption of $3.25 million of debt owed to Americans.
Oregon Territory : ( 308 )
Pres. Polk claimed all of the Oregon Territory for the U.S. with the slogan “______” but the U.S. divided the territory with Britain along the 49th parallel in 1846.
Gadsden Purchase ( 329 )
In 1853 the U.S. purchased a strip of land from ______to provide a route for a proposed transcontinental railroad.