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CHAPTER 3 Rocks and Their Origins 1
3-1 What are rocks?
Lesson Review 2
3-2 How are igneous rocks formed?
Lesson Review 3
Comparing Batholiths and Stocks
Enrichment Activity for Lessons 3-1 and 3-2 4
3-3 How are igneous rocks classified?
Lesson Review 5
3-4 How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Lesson Review 6
3-5 How are sedimentary rocks classified?
Lesson Review 7
3-6 How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Lesson Review 8
3-7 How are metamorphic rocks classified?
Lesson Review 9
Rocks and Their Uses
Enrichment Activity for Lessons 3-3, 3-5, and 3-7 10
3-8 What is the rock cycle?
Lesson Review 11
THE BIG IDEA Integrating Physical Science: What drives the rock cycle?
Lesson Review 12
Chapter 3 Key Term Review 13
Chapter 3 Test 14
Chapter 3 Answer Key 17
3-1 What are rocks?
Lesson Review
Match each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided.
Column A
1. rock formed from melted minerals
2. grouping of things that are alike
3. scientist who studies rocks and minerals
4. rock formed when another rock is changed by heat and pressure
5. rock formed from the remains of living things
6. substances that make up rocks
Column B
a. metamorphic
b. petrologist
c. minerals
d. igneous
e. classification
f. sedimentary
Skill Challenge
Skills: applying concepts, classifying
Decide whether each rock described in the table is igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Place a check mark in the correct column.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKSRock / Igneous / Sedimentary / Metamorphic
1. Shell limestone—made up of pieces of shells that are cemented together
2. Marble—formed when limestone is put under heat and pressure
3. Granite—formed when the melted minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica cool and harden
4. Shale—formed when particles of mud and clay are pressed and cemented together
5. Slate—formed when shale is put under great pressure
3-2 How are igneous rocks formed?
Lesson Review
Write the term that best completes each statement.
1. The temperature of Earth becomes
as you go deeper into Earth.
2. The is the layer of Earth below the crust.
3. Melted minerals are called rock.
4. When molten rock cools,
rocks form.
5. Molten rock below Earth’s surface is called .
6. Molten rock can reach Earth’s surface through
in Earth’s crust.
7. Magma that pours into Earth’s surface is called .
8. Lava that cools and hardens becomes rock.
Skill Challenge
Skills: interpreting, identifying, applying definitions
Use the labels on the diagram below to identify each structure described. Write your answer in the space with the same number as each description.
1. / 4.2. / 5.
3. / 6.
Comparing Batholiths and Stocks
Enrichment Activity for Lessons 3-1 and 3-2
Skills: building vocabulary, graphing
Magma may cool and harden deep within Earth’s crust to form masses of igneous rock called plutons. There are several different types of plutons. Two of these are batholiths and stocks. A batholith is the largest type of pluton, with a surface area larger than 100 km2. A stock is a pluton with a surface area less than 100 km2.
PART A In the spaces provided, define the terms batholith and stock.
1. batholith:
2. stock:
PART B Use the graph grid below to compare the size of a batholith and a stock. One of these igneous rock formations is 15 km wide and 20 km long. The other formation is 15 km wide and 3 km long. Each square on the graph grid equals 1 km2. Color in the grid to show each igneous rock formation. Label each formation.
6.3 How are igneous rocks classified?
Lesson Review
PART A Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1. / Igneous rocks can often be identified by their minerals.2. / Texture refers to the shape of the crystals in an igneous rock.
3. / Granite has small mineral crystals.
4. / Large crystals form in igneous rocks that take a long time to cool.
5. / Most igneous rocks that form from magma have small mineral crystals.
6. / An igneous rock with a coarse texture has very small mineral crystals.
7. / Igneous rocks with no mineral crystals were formed from lava that cooled very quickly.
8. / An example of an igneous rock with no mineral crystals is basalt.
Skill Challenge
Skills: inferring, identifying, classifying
Use the information in the table below to fill in the blank spaces in the table.
CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKSRock / Formed from / Cooling rate / Crystal size / Texture
Felsite / lava / 1. / small / 2.
Gabbro / 3. / slow / 4. / coarse
Basalt / 5. / fast / 6. / fine
Pumice / lava / 7. / no crystals / 8.
Obsidian / 9. / very fast / 10. / glassy
Granite / magma / 11. / large / 12.
3-4 How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Lesson Review
Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement in the spaces provided.
______1. Each of the following could be a sediment, except
a. gravel. b. sand. c. water. d. seashells.
______2. Most sedimentary rocks are formed in
a. volcanoes. b. the mantle. c. mountains. d. water.
______3. One way that sediments become solid rock is when
a. they are mixed with other sediments. b. water mixes with the sediments.
c. sand is mixed with the sediments. d. water and air are squeezed from between sediment layers.
c
sediments.
______5. Seashells become sedimentary rock when they are cemented together by
a. calcium carbonate. b. sand. c. limestone. d. water.
Skill Challenge
Skills: interpreting diagrams, sequencing
Match each diagram with its caption by writing the letter of the correct caption in the space beside each diagram. Then, in the space provided, write the correct order of the diagrams.
Figure 1
Caption ______
Figure 2
Caption ______
Figure 3
Caption ______
Figure 4
Caption ______
Captions
a. More layers of sediment form.
b. Older sediment becomes rock under the weight of the upper layers, which squeeze out water and air.
c. The sediment settles to the ocean bottom.
d. Sediment is added to ocean water.
5. The correct order of the diagrams is: ______
3-5 How are sedimentary rocks classified?
Lesson Review
Circle the term in each group that does not belong.
1. conglomerate clastic sandstone animals
2. clay pebbles conglomerate gravel
3. conglomerate halite shale sandstone
4. silt clay shale calcite
5. nonclastic organic rocks chemical rocks sandstone
6. coal conglomerate coquina chalk
7. rock salt shale limestone chemical rocks
8. coal plants clastic organic rock
9. chalk halite shells coquina
10. chemical rocks organic rocks clastic rocks nonclastic rocks
Skill Challenge
Skills: classifying, identifying
For each sedimentary rock in the table, decide whether it is a clastic or a nonclastic. Place a check mark in the correct column. In the last column of the table, write the word sediment, living things, or chemical to identify how the rock formed.
CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKSRock / Clastic / Nonclastic / Forms from
1. Coal
2. Sandstone
3. Rock salt
4. Shale
5. Coquina
6. Chalk
7. Conglomerate
3-6 How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Lesson Review
Write the term that best completes each statement in the space provided.
1. When an existing rock is changed by great heat and pressure, a rock is formed.
2. The minerals in rocks undergo a
change when the rocks are heated.
3. When temperatures inside Earth rise above 800ºC, minerals melt into .
4. Pressure is a
that pushes against an object.
5. Magma can move between layers of rock.
6. One type of metamorphic rock can be changed into another form of metamorphic rock when heat,
pressure, or magma changes the
that make up the rock.
Skill Challenge
Skills: analyzing, applying concepts
Use the diagram to answer the questions.
1. Could the temperature alone in Layer A change the rocks here into metamorphic rocks?
Explain.
2. What could cause a rock in Layer C to change
into a metamorphic rock?
3. What kind of rock would be formed by the magma in Layer C?
4. What happens to a mineral that falls below
Layer D?
5. What three factors shown in the diagram can cause metamorphic rocks to form?
3-7 How are metamorphic rocks classified?
Lesson Review
PART A Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true.
1. / Metamorphic rocks are classified according to their shapes.2. / A foliated metamorphic rock has mineral crystals arranged in bands.
3. / The texture of a metamorphic rock refers to the arrangement of its mineral crystals.
4. / Foliated metamorphic rocks usually break along their outer edges.
5. / Marble contains large mineral crystals of quartz.
PART B Classify each rock listed as foliated or nonfoliated. Write your answer in the space provided.
1. quartzite
4. marble
2. gneiss
5. schist
3. slate
Skill Challenge
Skills: identifying, researching
Complete the table below. Use reference material if necessary.
COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKSOriginal Rocks / Metamorphic Rock / Uses
Shale and granite / 1. / buildings, monuments
Limestone / 2. / 3.
Shale, granite, and basalt / 4. / 5.
Sandstone / 6. / 7.
Shale / 8. / 9.
Rocks and Their Uses
Enrichment Activity for Lesson 3-3, 3-5, and 3-7
Skills: classifying, researching, organizing
Complete the table. For Class, use the terms sedimentary, igneous, or
metamorphic. You may use reference materials to help you.
ROCKS AND THEIR USESRock / Class / Description / Uses
1. Sandstone
2. Slate
3. Anthracite coal
4. Marble
5. Basalt
6. Pumice
7. Gneiss
8. Granite
9. Limestone
10. Bituminous coal
3-8 What is the rock cycle?
Lesson Review
Use the Key Terms to label the diagram of the rock cycle. You will use some terms more than once.
magma / igneous rock / cooling and hardening / heat and pressuremelting / sedimentary rock / weathering and erosion / pressure and cementing
sediment / metamorphic rock
Skill Challenge
Skills: modeling, classifying, applying concepts
On the back of this worksheet, draw a rock cycle that shows the formation of quartzite. Use the labels sand, granite, sandstone, and quartzite in your diagram. Identify each substance as an igneous rock, a sedimentary rock, a metamorphic rock, or a sediment. Be sure to include the processes that change one kind of rock to another.
THE Big IDEA Integrating Physical Science
Chapter 3 What drives the rock cycle?
Lesson Review
Refer to the diagram of the rock cycle on page 80 in your text to answer the following questions.
1. What causes metamorphic rock to become sedimentary rock?
2. What causes igneous rock to become metamorphic rock?
3. What causes magma to become igneous rock?
4. What causes sedimentary rock to become magma?
Skill Challenge
Skills: inferring, analyzing
Refer to the text, call outs, and diagram on pages 84 and 85 of your text to answer the following questions.
1. Are the forces that drive the rock cycle beneath Earth’s surface the same as the forces that drive the
rock cycle on or near Earth’s surface? Explain.
2. Does the water cycle have any effect on the rock cycle? Explain.
Science Log Writing Activity
Complete the Science Log on a separate sheet of paper. To complete the Big Idea Online, go to www.conceptsandchallenges.com. Follow the online instructions.
Chapter 3 Key Term Review
Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle below. You will write letters in the shaded boxes.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
9 10 11
12
13
14
15
Clues
Across
Down
1. “Changed rock” (2 words)
4. Sedimentary rock made up of fragments of rocks
6. Magma that reaches Earth’s surface
10. Molten rock inside Earth
12. Group of sedimentary rock made up of dissolved minerals or the remains of living things
13. Crystal size
14. Series of events that happen over and over again
15. Rock that forms from pieces of other rocks that are pressed together (2 words)
Building Science Vocabulary
1. Melted minerals (2 words)
2. Mixture of minerals, generally cemented together
3. Metamorphic rock with mineral crystals arranged in bands
5. Rock particles carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice
7. Metamorphic rock that does not have mineral crystals arranged in bands
8. Rock formed by the crystallization of hot melted rocks or minerals (2 words)
9. Large body of igneous rock that can form different shapes when magma cools inside Earth’s crust
11. Series of natural processes by which rocks slowly change from one kind to another
(2 words)
Write the letters from the shaded boxes in the spaces below. Then, use the clue to unscramble the letters and identify a term related to this unit.
CLUE: Scientist who studies rocks or minerals.
ANSWER: