Biology State Standards 2009

Student Introduction

B 6.2

·  If you were to exam the genetic make-up of one of your liver cells and one of your heart cells, how would they compare?

·  You started out as a tiny fertilized egg – a single cell. How did that single cell get to be the many cells that make you and how did those cells become all the different cells (like liver and heart cells) that perform specific functions in your body?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – differentiation; specialization; mitosis; turning genes on and off; epigenetics; carcinogens; mutations

Notes

B.1.2

·  Explain the structure and function of the plasma membrane (cell membrane). Draw a section of the cell membrane including the three types of proteins and cholesterol.

·  Define and then differentiate between osmosis, diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic; hydrophobic; protein markers; cholesterol; protein channels; protein receptors; cilia; flagella; fluid mosaic model; cytoskeleton; osmosis; diffusion; active transport; facilitated diffusion; endocytosis; pinocytosis; exocytosis; phagocytosis; Protista; Monera

Notes

B.1.3

·  Explain the structure and function of the parts of a cell.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – lysosome; mitochondria; ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi; vacuole; cell (plasma) membrane; cell wall; cellulose; nucleus; cytoplasm; chromatin; chloroplast; centrioles; centromeres; cytoskeleton; nucleolus; specialization; turning off and on genes

Notes

B.1.4

·  Define macromolecule. List the four types of macromolecules.

·  List the monomers of each type of macromolecule.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; nucleic acids; glucose; monosaccharides; polysaccharides; monomers; polymers; peptides; amino acids; adenine; guanine; cytosine; thymine; nucleotides; glycerol; fatty acids

Notes

B.1.5

·  What can change the function of a protein?

·  What is it called when a protein is broken down?

·  Describe the pH scale. What pH is an acid, and what pH is a base?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – pH; acid; base; denature; salinity; agitation; mutations

Notes

B.1.6

·  Explain chemical composition of life.

·  Define organic.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – organic

Notes

B.1.7

·  What causes a cell to begin to divide?

·  What is budding and binary fission?

·  What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.

·  What role do hormones play in the behavior of cells?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – mitosis; meiosis; hormones; binary fission; budding; asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction; cyclins; cloning

Notes

B.1.8

·  What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – haploid; diploid; mitosis; meiosis; surface area to volume ratio; crossing-over; synapsis; asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction; cell cycle; cytokinesis; gene expression; cloning

Notes

B.1.9

·  Explain the structure and function of the parts of a cell.

·  Describe how an enzyme acts of a chemical reaction in the body?

·  Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.

·  Describe the structure of water and why its bonds are polar covalent.

·  What is a hydrogen bond?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – chemical bonding; ionic; covalent; ATP; endergonic; exergonic; activation energy; enzymes; catalysts; hydrogen bond; polar covalent; substrate; active site

Notes

B.1.10

·  Where is energy stored in molecules?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – chemical bonding; lipids; cellular respiration;

Notes

Developmental and Organismal Biology

B.1.11

·  How do organisms start out as a single cell and become multicellular?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – biogenesis; mitosis;

Notes

B.1.12

·  What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

·  What structures do all cells have in common?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – prokaryote; eukaryote; nucleus; membrane bound organelles; cytoplasm; cell membrane; nucleoid region; genetic material

Notes

B.1.13

·  What structures are being used in the endosymbiotic theory?

·  What does endosymbiosis mean?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – endosymbiosis; mitochondria; chloroplast; DNA

Notes

B.1.14

·  How do cells communicate with one another?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – hormones; receptors; neurotransmitters; plasmodesmata; gap junctions;

Notes

B.1.15

·  How is the structure of a protein related to its function?

·  How is the structure of a cell related to its function?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – enzyme; substrate; structure; function

Notes

B.1.16

·  Give the hierarchy of an organism starting with cells.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – cells; tissue; organs; organ system; organism; entropy; metabolism;

Notes

B.1.17

·  What is homeostasis? How is it maintained when the external conditions vary?

·  What is the result when an organism is not able to maintain homeostasis?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – homeostasis; immunity; hormones; death; disease; toxins; feedback systems;

Notes

B.1.18

·  Explain the role hormones play in maintaining homeostasis in an organism.

·  How would an organism’s body react to extreme cold?

·  How would an organism’s body react to running very fast?

·  What would a lizard do to get warm?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – homeostasis; feedback mechanisms; equilibrium; hormones; immunity

Notes

B.1.19

·  List the parts of metabolism in an organism.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – modification; transport; production; exchange; maintenance; metabolism; anabolism; catabolism

Notes

B.1.20

·  What are the functions of B and T cells in the immune system?

·  What is the first line of defense? What is the second and third line of defense?

·  What is an infection? What is the function of a fever? What is inflammation?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – inflammation; mucus; B cell; T cell; helper cells, antibodies; antigens; marker proteins; thymus; bone marrow; natural killer cells; memory cells; suppressor cells; immunity; vaccination; virus; bacteria; disease; toxins; parasites

Notes

Genetics

B.1.21

·  Explain sexual reproduction?

·  What are genes and how do they differ from traits?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – DNA; genes; traits; genetics; chromosomes;

Notes

B.1.22

·  What is the difference between Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment?

·  Explain Mendel’s experiment with the peas.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – monohybrid cross; dihybrid cross; segregation; independent assortment; Punnett squares; Mendel; filial; F1; F2; P2; 3:1; 9:3:3:1; homozygous; heterozygous; true-breeding; pure bred; self-pollination; cross-pollination;

Notes

B.1.23

·  Give examples of the types of gene mutations.

·  What is a frameshift mutation? Give an example.

·  What happens to the progeny of a cell that has developed a mutation?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – point mutation; frameshift mutation; deletion; substitution; inversion; somatic cell; gamete; sex cell; mutation; carcinogens; mutations; UV radiation; x-rays; progeny

Notes

B.1.24

·  A person is exposed to a tanning bed and develops melanoma on their arm. Will melanoma be inherited by their child?

·  Why do technicians make patients where a lead apron when they are being given an x-ray?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES –somatic cells; gametes; sex cell; mutation; carcinogens; mutagens;

Notes

B.1.25

·  What is cancer?

·  What kind of substances can cause cancer?

·  What would be the difference of a person being exposed to x-rays as to being exposed to sunlight in transferring the mutation to their offspring? Why?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – cancer; somatic cells; gametes; sex cell; mutation; carcinogens; mutations

Notes

B.1.26

·  What is gene expression?

·  What are the steps in translation?

·  What are the steps in DNA replication?

·  What is the difference in where transcription and translation take place?

·  What is a codon? What do codons code for?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – amino acids; proteins; translation; transcription; replication; semi-conservative; anticodon; thymine; adenine; guanine; cytosine; uracil; RNA; DNA; mRNA; tRNA; rRNA; cytoplasm; nucleus; p-site; peptide bond; polypeptide; introns; exons; nucleotides; double stranded; double helix;

Notes

B.1.27

·  How much does the DNA between two unrelated individuals differ?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – DNA fingerprinting;

Notes

B.1.28

·  What causes genetic diversity in individuals?

·  What are jumping genes?

·  What are the types of chromosomal mutations?

·  When does crossing-over take place?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – jumping genes; crossing-over; deletion; duplication; chromosomal mutations vs gene mutations; sexual reproduction;

Notes

B.1.29

·  What is the continuity of life?

·  What are patterns of inheritance?

·  Explain that the (molecular level) genotype of an organism depicts its phenotype.

·  Explain that the sequence of nucleotides in DNA makes up the genes, and the genes make…

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – genotype; phenotype; patterns of inheritance; continuity of life; anatomical structure;

Notes

Evolution

B.1.30

·  What is a phylogenetic tree?

·  What is a cladogram?

·  Show using a phylogenetic tree the relationship among different kinds of organisms.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – phylogeny; cladogram;

Notes

B.1.31

·  What is survival of the fittest?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – survival of the fittest

Notes

B.1.32

·  What is natural selection?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – natural selection

Notes

B.1.33 Describe how life on Earth is thought to have begun as simple, one-celled organisms about 4 billion years ago. Note that during the first 2 billion years, only single-cell microorganisms existed, but once cells with nuclei developed about a billion years ago, increasingly complex multicellular organisms evolved.

·  How long ago did life begin on Earth? What type of organism is the first to appear?

·  What was the first type of organism to appear on land?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – amphibians; reptiles; mammals; birds; order of evolution

Notes

B.1.34 Explain how evolution progresses.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – diversity;

Notes

B.1.35

·  What type of evidence would you look at to compare the similarities between two different amphibians?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – anatomical similarities; DNA sequences; amino acid sequences; analogous; homologous structures

Notes

B.1.36

·  How does the gene pool change in genetic drift?

·  Why would insects and flowers be a good example of coevolution?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – genetic drift; isolation of subpopulations; geographic distribution; coevolution; convergent evolution; gene pool;

Notes

Ecology

B.1.37

·  Explain carrying capacity. Diagram on a graph what exponential growth and logistic growth look like and include carrying capacity.

·  Relate carrying capacity to the equilibrium of an ecosystem.

·  How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – carrying capacity; logistic growth; exponential growth; equilibrium; limiting factor; abiotic factors; detritus; decomposers; deforestation; erosion; desertification; biogeochemical cycles; ecosystem; energy flow; nutrient flow; water cycle; carbon cycle; nitrogen cycle

Notes

B.1.38

·  What impact does an invasive species have on an environment?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – invasive species; competition; predation;

Notes

B.1.39

·  What type of succession would occur after a fire? After a volcanic eruption? What is the difference between the two?

·  What is a pioneer species?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – climax community; primary succession; secondary succession; ecological succession; pioneer species;

Notes

B.1.40

·  Explain the role of emigration on the stability of an ecosystem?

·  Which would have a bigger impact of the stability of an ecosystem, emigration or immigration?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – competition; immigration; emigration; carrying capacity; invasive species; competitive exclusion; niche; habitat

Notes

B.1.41

·  What is the greatest threat man poses to an organism’s survival in an ecosystem?

·  What is decreasing the ozone layer? What can the consequences be?

·  Explain how biological diversity gives organisms a better chance of survival in a catastrophe?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – endangered species; extinction; erosion; deforestation; algal blooms; desertification; habitat destruction; biological diversity; genetic diversity

Notes

B.1.42

·  What is an algal bloom? What causes it?

·  How are fossil fuels made?

·  What are the consequences of burning fossil fuels?

·  What causes global warming?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – global warming; fossil fuels; decomposers; marine; organic; renewable energy; nonrenewable energy; carbon dioxide; methane; water vapor

Notes

B.1.43

·  Define biotic.

·  List 5 abiotic factors.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – biotic; abiotic; weather; climate;

Notes

B.1.44

·  Describe an ecological pyramid. Use the terms producers and consumers in your description.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – producers; consumers; autotroph; heterotroph; carnivore; herbivore; omnivore; energy flow; biomass; nutrients; recycle; food chain; food web;

Notes

B.1.45

·  Describe how temperature can influence the phenotype of an organism.

·  Which organism would have a greater chance of survival – one that lays 1 million eggs in water, or one that lays 100 eggs in water?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – phenotype; epigenetics; genotype

Notes

B.1.46

·  Which biome has the greatest biodiversity?

·  What would improve the chances of a species surviving a very cold winter?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – biodiversity

Notes

B.1.47

·  Explain how survival of the fittest and ecology go hand in hand.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – ecology; evolution

Notes

B.2.1

·  Describe what Lamarck believed about organisms and their environment.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – epigenesis; spontaneous generation; homunculus; immutability

Notes

B.2.2

·  Explain how new species can be created.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – speciation; aggregation; inherited

Notes

B.2.3

·  What was the name of the book Darwin published that created a stir in the late 19 century?

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – selective breeding; natural selection; fossil evidence for evolution; types of evidence available at Darwin’s time

Notes

B.2.4

·  Explain how Mendel’s work supported Darwin’s.

·  Explain how almost all living organisms share the same make-up in their genetic code.

·  KEY WORDS and PHRASES – biological evolution; genetics; universal genetic code

Notes