Chapter Outline for Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies 11E

Chapter Outline for Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies 11e

Chapter 4 – The Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, Glycogen, and Fiber

I.A Close Look at Carbohydrates

A.Sugars

1.Monosaccharides

2.Disaccharides

B.Starch

C.Glycogen

D.Fiber

II.The Need for Carbohydrates

A.If I want to lose weight and stay healthy, should I avoid carbohydrates?

B.Why do nutrition experts recommend fiber-rich foods?

1.Lower cholesterol and heart disease risk

2.Blood glucose control

3.Maintenance of digestive tract health

4.Evidence concerning cancer

5.Healthy weight management

C.Recommendations and intakes

1.Can my diet have too much fiber?

2.Binders in fiber

D.Refined, enriched, and whole-grain foods

III.From Carbohydrates to Glucose

A.Digestion and absorption of carbohydrate

1.Starch

2.Sugars

3.Fiber

B.Why do some people have trouble digesting milk?

1.Symptoms of lactose intolerance

2.Consequences to nutrition

3.Milk tolerance and strategies

IV.The Body’s Use of Glucose

A.Splitting glucose for energy

1.The point of no return

2.Below a healthy minimum—ketosis

B.Storing glucose as glycogen

C.Maintaining glucose in the blood

1.Regulation of blood glucose

D.The glycemic response

1.Are low-glycemic carbohydrates “good” and high-glycemic carbohydrates “bad” for health?

2.Carbohydrate intake and heart disease risk

E.Handling excess glucose

V.Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

A.The perils of diabetes

1.Harm to the body

2.Prediabetes and the importance of testing

B.Type 1 diabetes

C.Type 2 diabetes

1.Type 2 diabetes and obesity

2.Preventing type 2 diabetes

D.Management of diabetes

1.Nutrition

2.Physical activity

E.If I feel dizzy between meals, do I have hypoglycemia?

VI.Finding the Carbohydrates in Foods

A.Fruits

B.Vegetables

C.Breads, grains, cereals, rice, and pasta

D.Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts

E.Milk, cheese, and yogurt

F.Oils, solid fats, and added sugars

G.The nature of sugar

VII. Sugars and Alternative Sweeteners: Are They Bad for You?

A.Evidence concerning sugar

1.Does sugar cause obesity?

a.Liquid sugars

b.Population studies

c.Laboratory studies

d.Conclusion

2.Does sugar cause type 2 diabetes?

3.Do sugar and refined carbohydrate cause heart disease?

4.What about sugar and behavior?

5.Does sugar cause dental caries?

B.Personal strategy for using sugar

C.Evidence concerning sugar alcohols

D.Evidence concerning artificial sweeteners

1.Saccharin

2.Aspartame

3.Acesulfame-potassium

4.Sucralose

5.Neotame

6.Tagatose

7.Other sweeteners

8.Do artificial sweeteners help with weight control?

E.Personal strategies for using artificial sweeteners