Ramienski: 171206 MWH U6 LP14 HW 30
Modern World History
Honors and Merit Homework
Mr. Ramienski
Student First and Last Name: ______Seat Number: ______
Period: ______
Date Turned In: ______
(Fill out heading completely. Failure to follow directions will result in a loss of 10% of grade)
Unit 6: World War Two
Day 14, Friday, 20 May 2016
Lesson 14, Hitler’s Rise
Due date: Wednesday, 25 May 2016
If turned in on Thursday, 26 May 2016-10%
If turned in on Friday, 27 May 2016-20%
If not turned in by Friday, 27 May 2016, NO CREDIT. “0”
HW 30
Homework Value: 40 points to be added to the warm up as a quiz grade. (You don’t want to get a zero for this one.)
A. Reading:
1) Chapter 15, Years of Crisis, all sections 1931 to 1939, pages 460 to 487 (****see p. 472)
2) Chapter 16, World War II, all sections 1939 to 1945, pages 488 to 525
3) Merit and Honors: Read the essay entitled “Kellogg- Briand Pact”-other side of page
B. Written Work
You will have a graded warm up on the due date
Answer the following questions in complete sentences. STAPLE and additional papers to this paper when you hand it in.
Failure to use complete sentences or use separate sheets of paper will nullify your grade-ZERO
1. Who were “Kellogg and Briand”? What governments did they represent? What positions did they hold with their governments? (6 points)
2. Who came up with the idea of “outlawing war”? Why would the French want the US as an ally? (4 points)
3. What were President Coolidge’s and Secretary Kellogg’s concerns about agreeing to this treaty? (4 points)
4. Why was the US Senate involved in this treaty process? (4 points)
5. Why do you think that the Soviet Union was not invited to the treaty meeting? (4 points)
6. Which member of the soon to be World War II “Axis Powers” signed this treaty? (3 points)
7. What were the two provisions of this treaty? (2 points)
8. What were three important legacies of this treaty? (6 points)
9. The Kellogg Briand Treaty is still considered a “binding” treaty. What is a binding treaty? What other legal document makes the treaty “binding”? (6 points)
10. Given that the treaty is still binding, given that the United States attacked Iraq in 2003; did the United States violate its own law? Did the US violate international law? Specifically answer yes or no to the questions, then justify your answer. Be specific. Use historical examples. Use the US Constitution. Use the provisions of the treaty itself.
You might want to check out this site: http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=648
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Summary
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. It was named after the American Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who drafted the pact. The treaty was the high point in the peace movement. President Hoover stated, "I dare predict that the influence of the Treaty for the Renunciation of War will be felt in a large proportion of all future international acts." Within 12 years, however, all of the signatories were involved in the world's largest scale war- World War II.
Origin and Purpose
The Kellogg-Briand Pact was developed to outlaw wars.
The anti-war feelings that followed the end of World War I coalesced around an effort to outlaw war. Two of the leaders of the movement were Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University, and Professor James Shotwall. They worked hard to develop support for the idea. While visiting France, Shotwall convinced the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand of the importance of outlawing war.
Briand wrote a direct appeal to the American people to accept the idea. The pact was then proposed 1927 by Aristide Briand, the French foreign minister and a Nobel Peace Prize recipient, as a bilateral treaty between the United States and France outlawing war between the two countries. Briand thought it would both improve the cooled relations between the former allies and, more importantly, ensure that the United States would ally with France in the event of another European war.
Frank B. Kellogg, the US Secretary of State, was at first indifferent towards the proposal. He and President Calvin Coolidge were unhappy with this direct appeal to the American people. They were also concerned that the pact would result in tying the United States into some sort of indirect alliance with the French. They wanted to avoid any involvement in another European war.
However, if they opposed the treaty, both the President and the Secretary of State would be attacked in both Congress and the press by groups which favored such an agreement. The United States government therefore made a counterproposal to make this a multilateral treaty involving many nations all who would outlaw war. Kellogg proposed a multilateral pact against war open for all nations to become signatories.
Negotiations and Ratifications
The French, initially rejected the idea, then agreed. Representatives of 15 nations met in Paris and signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, alternately known as the Pact of Paris. All of the major powers, with the exception of Russia-then known as the Soviet Union, would sign this agreement. The Kellogg-Briand Pact was concluded outside the League of Nations. It was signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by the representatives from: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was proclaimed to go into effect on July 24, 1929.
Sixty-two nations ultimately signed the pact.
In the United States, the Senate approved the treaty overwhelmingly, 85-1. However, it did add a reservation that the treaty must not infringe upon America's right of self defense and that the United States was not obliged to enforce the treaty by taking action against those who violated it.
The treaty marked the high point of idealism in the pursuit of peace.
Effect
The treaty had two main provisions. It renounced war as an instrument of national policy, and stated that nations should resolve their disputes by pacifist means. President Hoover announced that the treaty was now in force. He stated: "I dare predict that the influence of the Treaty for the Renunciation of War will be felt in a large proportion of all future international acts."
As a practical matter, the Kellogg-Briand Pact did not live up to its aim of ending war, and in this sense it made no immediate contribution to international peace and proved to be ineffective in the years to come; the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and the German invasion of Poland, were prime examples of this.
Within 12 years, all of the signatories were involved in the world's largest scale war.
Legacy
The pact became an important multilateral treaty because, in addition to binding the particular nations that signed it, it has also served as one of the legal bases establishing the international norms that the threat or use of military force in contravention of international law, as well as the territorial acquisitions resulting from it, are unlawful. The pact served as the legal basis for the creation of the notion of crime against peace — it was for committing this crime that the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of persons responsible for starting World War II.
The interdiction of aggressive war was confirmed and broadened by the United Nations Charter, which states in article 2 paragraph 4 that "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations."
The consequence of this is that after World War II, nations have been forced to invoke the right of self-defense or the right of collective defense when using military action and have also been prohibited from annexing territory by force.
The 1927 Kellogg-Briand Pact remains a binding treaty under international law. In the United States it remains in force as part of the supreme positive law, under Article Six of the United States Constitution.