NOTE: The provided figures may be useful and beneficial. Use them at your discretion, remember your book has a lot of great diagrams don’t skip the ones I didn’t pick! Keep up the good work & be an Intentional Learner.

Learning Log Chapter 5

  1. Compare & contrast the 4 main classes of macromolecules. Include a labeled drawing of their monomers, 3 examples of each polymer & the polymers’ roles in organisms (this can be turned in on your flash cards but really look at what you did this summer and rework if necessary).. Be thorough!
  2. What does the formation of macromolecules from smaller units have in common? Explain.
  3. What functional group do monosaccharides have in abundance? What properties does the functional group give these molecules?
  4. What are the two “types” of monosaccharides and how do they differ in structure? Hint look at carbonal
  5. Both carbohydrates and lipids are built of C,H,O. How can you tell them apart by just looking at their formulas?
  6. Cellulose and starch are both made of repeating units of glucose. What is different about their structure that gives them such different chemical properties?
  7. Suppose you are eating a serving of chicken. What reactions must occur (& why) for the chicken protein to be converted to protein in your body?
  8. After a cow is given antibiotics to treat an infection, the vet gives the animal a drink of “gut culture” containing various prokaryotes. Why is this necessary & what would happen if the cow did not drink the “gut culture”?
  9. Compare & contrast saturated, unsaturated & trans fats. Why are unsaturated fats better for you? (so think in terms of a fat, an oil, and a phospholipid).
  10. Lipids do not have a common chemical structure. Why are they grouped together into the same class?
  11. Why are lipids not strictly speaking a “macromolecule”?
  12. Describe why steroid hormones like testosterone & estrogen are considered lipids?
  13. Describe the 4 levels of protein structure using Figure 5.21 to explain each level. (this can be turned in on your flash cards but really look at what you did this summer and rework if necessary)
  14. Suppose you have placed a protein in an aqueous environment. After consulting Figure 5.17, ask me about- where would you expect to find a region that is rich in the amino acids leucine, isoleucine & valine? Why? A region rich in serine, threonine & glutamine? Why?
  15. Why would a change in pH or ion concentration such as Na+ cause a protein to denature?
  16. Why would transferring a protein to a nonpolar solvent cause it to denature?
  17. What are chaperonins and explain how they help proteins fold into their proper shape.

Learning Log Chapter 6

  1. Distinguish between a light microscope (LM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), & a scanning electron microscope(SEM), explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type of microscope. Also, provide 3 different examples of items that you would look at in each.
  2. Describe the cell fractionation technique used in research labs & what it can provide the researchers.
  3. Using Figures 6.6 & 6.9, compare & contrast eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells.
  4. Using Figure 6.9, compare & contrast animal & plant cells.
  5. Describe the structure, function & location of the following cell parts and what “Kingdoms they are located in. So a chart may be a great idea:

a. Nucleus (including chromatin & nucleolus)

b. Ribosomes

c. ER (smooth & rough)

d. Golgi apparatus

e. Lysosome

f. Peroxisome

g. Vacuoles

h. Mitochondria

i. Chloroplasts

j. Cytoskeleton (microtubules & microfilaments)

k. Centrioles

l. plasma membrane (cell membrane)

m. cell wall

6. Compare & contrast the 3 different intercellular junctions in animal tissues.

7. The polypeptide chain that makes up a tight junction weaves back & forth through the membrane 4 times, with 2 extra-cellular loops, and 1 loop plus short C-terminal and N-terminal tails in the cytoplasm. Looking at Figure 5.17 once again ask me about, what would you predict about the amino acid sequence of each region named above in the tight junction protein?

8. Describe how plant cells are connected.

9 Contrast and compare mitochondria and chloroplasts. Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts not considered part of the endomembrane system?

10. What evidences exist that support the endosymbiotic theory that mitochondria and

chloroplasts used to be independent cells in their own right?

11. How are the cell walls of plants and bacteria similar, yet different?

12. The structure of cilia and flagella are the same in all eukaryotic cells? Discuss how this

most likely happened.