List of Formulas for Science (Physics)

Formula / Other notes
v = / v = speed (m/s)
d = distance moved (m)
t = time taken (s)
a = / v = final speed (m/s)
u = initial speed (m/s)
t = time taken (s) / To calculate deceleration, first calculate acceleration then change the sign of the answer from negative to positive (vice versa).
F = ma / F = resultant force (N)
m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s2) / When using this formula, ensure that F is the resultant force.
W = mg / W = weight (N)
m = mass (kg)
g = gravitational field strength (N/kg) / Don’t forget to convert mass from g to kg.
density = / (i)
density (kg/m3)
m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3) / (ii)
density (g/cm3)
m = mass (g)
V = volume (cm3) / 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
moment = Fd / moment = Nm
F = force (N)
d = ^ distance from pivot to the line of action of force (m) / d is the perpendicular distance measured from the pivot.
work done = Fd / work done (J)
F = force (N)
d = distance moved in the direction of force (m) / F and d must be parallel to each other.
P = or / P = power (W)
WD = work done (J)
E = energy change (J)
t = time taken (s)
KE = ½ mv2 / K.E. = kinetic energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = speed (m/s) / Don’t forget to square the velocity
GPE = mgh / G.P.E. = gravitational potential energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
g = gravitational field strength (N/kg)
h = vertical height (m) / h must be perpendicular to the ground
Pressure = / Pressure (N/m2 or Pa)
F = force (N)
A = area (m2) / 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
If A is given in cm2, must remember to convert to m2. 10000 cm2 = 1 m2

List of Formulas for Science (Physics)

Formula / Other notes
f = or T = / f = frequency (Hz)
T = period (s)
v = f l / (i)
v = speed (m/s)
f = frequency (Hz)
l = wavelength (m) / (ii)
v = speed (cm/s)
f = frequency (Hz)
l = wavelength (cm) / v = can also be used to calculate speed of wave
h = speed of light in vacuum or air
speed of light in medium / h = refractive index of medium
speed of light (m/s) / h must be more than 1
h = sin i
sin r
/ h = refractive index
i = angle of incidence
r = angle of refraction / h must be more than 1
Ensure that calculator is in Deg mode (and not Rad mode).
Angle of incidence i should be the angle in air or vacuum
sin c = / c = critical angle
h = refractive index
I = or Q = It / I = current (A)
Q = charge (C)
t = time (s) / t must be in seconds.

V = or W = QV / V = voltage (V)
E = energy (J)
Q = charge (C)
V = RI / V = voltage (V)
R = resistance (W)
I = current (A) / To ensure that V is the potential difference across the component and I is the current flowing through the same component
P = VI / P = power (W)
V = voltage (V)
I = current (A)
E = Pt / (i)
E = energy (J)
P = power (W)
t = time (s) / (ii)
E = energy (kWh)
P = power (kW)
t = time (h) / Since P = VI, E = VIT.
If E is to be expressed in J, then P must be in W and t in s. If E is to be expressed in kWh, then P must be given in kW and t in hour.
If cost of electricity is required to be calculated, calculate E in kWh since that is the common unit for household electricity.
Cost of electricity = unit cost (per kWh) x energy used (in kWh)