Name: ______
Date: ______
NYS Living Environment Regents Review: Cell Division & Genetics
Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions.
1. A child has brown hair and brown eyes. His father has brown hair and blue eyes. His mother has red hair and brown eyes. The best explanation for the child having brown hair and brown eyes is that
a.) a gene mutation occurred that resulted in brown hair and brown eyes
b.) gene expression must change in each generation so evolution can occur
c.) the child received genetic information from each parent
d.) cell from his mother’s eyes were present in the fertilized egg
2. The diagram below represents a portion of a type of organic molecule present in the cells of organisms.
What will most likely happen if there is a change in the base sequence of this molecule?
a.) the molecule will be converted into an inorganic compound
b.) the amino acid sequence may be altered during protein synthesis
c.) the chromosome number will decrease in future generations
d.) the chromosome number may increase within the organisms
3. All cells in an embryo have the same DNA. However, the embryonic cells form organs, such as the brain and the kidneys, which have very different structures and functions. These differences are the result of
a.) having two types of cells, one type from each parent
b.) rapid mitosis causing mutations in embryo cells
c.) new combinations of cells resulting from meiosis
d.) certain genes being expressed in some cells and not in others
4. A mutation changes a gene in a cell in the stomach of an organism. This mutation could cause a change in
a.) both the organism and its offspring
b.) the organism, but not its offspring
c.) its offspring, but not the organism itself
d.) neither the organism nor its offspring
5. A technique to produce new plants is represented in the diagram below.
Which statement is best supported by the information in the diagram?
a.) the one leaf cell removed formed a zygote that developed into a new plant by mitotic cell division
b.) this procedure is used to produce new tomato plants that are clones of the original tomato plant
c.) the cell taken from the leaf produced eight cells, each having one-half of the genetic information of the original leaf cell
d.) the new tomato plant will not be able to reproduce sexually because it was produced by mitotic cell division
6. The diagram below represents a genetic procedure.
Which statement best describes the outcome of this procedure?
a.) bacterial cells will destroy defective human genetic material
b.) bacterial cells may form a multicellular embryo
c.) the inserted human DNA will change harmful bacteria to harmless ones
d.) the inserted human DNA may direct the synthesis of human proteins
7. The DNA of a human cell can be cut and rearranged using
a.) a scalpel
b.) electrophoresis
c.) hormones
d.) enzymes
8. A pattern of reproduction and growth in a one-celled organism is shown below.
Which statement best describes this pattern of reproduction?
a.) all genetic material comes from one parent
b.) only some of the genetic material comes from one parent
c.) the size of the parent determines the amount of genetic material
d.) the size of the parent determines the source of the genetic material
9. A boy inherits genes for tallness, but his growth is limited as a result of poor nutrition. This is an example of
a.) an inherited disorder
b.) environmental influence on gene expression
c.) expression of a hidden trait
d.) a characteristic controlled by more than one pair of genes
10. The sorting and recombining of genes during meiosis and fertilization usually leads to the production of
a.) gametes with many copies of the same chromosome
b.) embryos with traits identical to those of all other members of the species
c.) zygotes with the genetic information to produce only females
d.) offspring with some traits that did not appear in their parents
11. Which situation would most likely produce a gene mutation in a squirrel?
a.) the squirrel stops using its claws for digging
b.) the squirrel is exposed to radiation for several days
c.) oak trees gradually become less common
d.) the weather becomes wetter for a short period of time
12. Which row in the chart below best describes what happens when some DNA bases are deleted from a gene?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
13. The diagram below shows a process that affects chromosomes during meiosis.
This process can be used to explain
a.) why some offspring are genetically identical to their parents
b.) the process of differentiation in offspring
c.) why some offspring physically resemble their parents
d.) the origin of new combinations of traits in offspring
14. A chemical known as 5-bromouracil causes a mutation that results in the mismatching of molecular bases in DNA. The offspring of organisms exposed to 5-bromouracil can have mismatched DNA if the mutation occurs in
a.) the skin cells of the mother
b.) the gametes of either parent
c.) all the body cells of both parents
d.) only the nerve cells of the father
15. Which set of terms correctly identifies the procedure shown in the diagram below and a substance produced by this procedure?
a.) selective breeding – growth hormone
b.) cloning – antibiotics
c.) genetic engineering – insulin
d.) replicating – glucose
16. The diagrams below illustrate types of asexual reproduction.
Which statement correctly describes the offspring?
a.) they vary genetically from the parent
b.) they are produced by the union of gametes
c.) they obtain nourishment from a placenta
d.) they result without the union of gametes
17. The diagram below can be used to illustrate cellular changes.
Which row of terms in the chart below best completes the diagram?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
18. The transfer of genes from parents to their offspring is known as
a.) differentiation
b.) heredity
c.) immunity
d.) evolution
19. Chromosome can be described as
a.) large molecules that have only one function
b.) folded chains of bonded glucose molecules
c.) reproductive cells composed of molecular bases
d.) coiled strands of genetic material
20. Cells that develop from a single zygote all contain identical DNA molecules. However, some of these cells will develop differently because
a.) different groups of cells containing the DNA may be exposed to different environmental conditions
b.) only the DNA in certain cells will replicate
c.) some of the DNA in some of the cells will be removed by chemical reactions
d.) DNA is functional in only 10% of the cells of the body
21. Mustard gas removes guanine (G) from DNA. For developing embryos, exposure to mustard gas can cause serious deformities because guanine
a.) stores the building blocks of proteins
b.) supports the structure of ribosomes
c.) produces energy for genetic transfer
d.) is part of the genetic code
22. Which process usually results in offspring that exhibit new genetic variations?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
23. Which diagram represents the relative sizes of the structures below?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
24. The molecule represented below is found in living things.
Which statement describes one characteristic of this molecule?
a.) it is the template for the replication of genetic information
b.) organic catalysts are made of these molecules
c.) it is different in each cell of an organism
d.) cell membranes contain many of these molecules
25. The shape of a protein is most directly determined by the
a.) amount of energy available for synthesis of the protein
b.) kind and sequence of amino acids in the protein
c.) type and number of DNA molecules in a cell
d.) mistakes made when the DNA is copied
26. Researchers have found that formaldehyde and asbestos can alter DNA base sequences. Based on this research, the use of these chemicals has been greatly reduced because they
a.) may act as fertilizers, increasing the growth of algae in ponds
b.) have been replaced by more toxic compounds
c.) are capable of causing mutations in humans
d.) interfere with the production of antibiotics by white blood cells
27. Coded instructions that are passed from one generation to the next can be most directly changed by the processes of
a.) passive transport, natural selection, and synthesis
b.) selective breeding, replication, and absorption
c.) recombination, mutation, and genetic engineering
d.) evolution, reproduction, and digestion
28. When S. marcescens, a bacterium, is grown in a refrigerator, it produces red-colored colonies. However, if the bacterium is grown at room temperature, the colonies are white. The best explanation for this situation is that
a.) refrigeration changes the structure of genes
b.) room temperature stimulates the synthesis of a red pigment
c.) temperature has an effect on the expression of genes
d.) only temperature is responsible for the expression of a trait
29. In sexually reproducing organisms, mutations can be inherited if they occur in
a.) the egg, only
b.) the sperm, only
c.) any body cell of either the mother or the father
d.) either the egg or the sperm
30. Which situation is least likely to result in new inherited characteristics?
a.) altering genetic information
b.) changes in the structure of genes
c.) producing new individuals by means of cloning
d.) changes in the structure of individual chromosomes
31. The diagram below represents levels of organization of a cell of a multicellular organism.
Which statement is correct regarding the structure represented by X?
a.) structure X is composed of many different amino acids that determine the type of cell it will become in the organism
b.) structure X has the same base sequence in all the body cells of the organism
c.) structure X is a folded chain arrangement of carbohydrate found in all the body cells of the organism
d.) structure X contains 20 different kinds of subunits that are present in all the cells of the organism
32. Which statement would most likely be used to describe the procedure represented in the diagram below?
a.) enzymes are used to assemble an insulin gene, which is then attached to bacterial DNA
b.) bacterial DNA is cut off from a human DNA strand and inserted into a human cell to form an insulin gene
c.) the insulin gene is cut out of a human DNA strand using an enzyme and inserted into bacterial DNA, resulting in a combination of different DNA segments
d.) a gene is deleted from bacterial DNA to produce an insulin gene, which is then inserted into human DNA
33. Which nuclear process is represented below?
a.) recombination
b.) fertilization
c.) replication
d.) mutation
34. Which process will increase variations that could be inherited?
a.) mitotic cell division
b.) active transport
c.) recombination of genes
d.) synthesis of proteins
35. Which sequence best represents the relationship between DNA and the traits of an organism?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
36. The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three mutated sequences of a segment of DNA.
Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the cause of each type of mutation?
a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4
37. A liver cell can make enzymes that a heart cell can not make because liver cells
a.) digest large, complex molecules
b.) contain more DNA than heart cells
c.) use different genes than the heart cells use
d.) remove carbon dioxide from blood
38. The diagram below represents division of a cell that produces two daughter cells.
Which statement most likely describes the daughter cells produced?
a.) the daughter cells will pass on only half of the genetic information they received from the original cell
b.) the daughter cells will each produce offspring that will have the same genetic information as the original daughter cell
c.) the daughter cells will each undergo the same mutations as the original cell after reproduction has occurred
d.) the daughter cells will not pass on any of the genes that they received from the original cell
39. Which mutation in a fruit fly could be passed on to its offspring?
a.) a mutation in a cell of an eye that changes the color of the eye
b.) a mutation in a leg that causes the leg to be shorter
c.) a mutation in a sperm cell that changes the shape of the wing
d.) a mutation in a cell of the digestive tract that produces a different enzyme
40. The bud shown in the diagram below was produced by asexual reproduction.
Which process is responsible for the formation of the bud?
a.) fertilization
b.) recombination
c.) mitosis
d.) meiosis
41. Viruses frequently infect bacteria and insert new genes into the genetic material of the bacteria. When these infected bacteria reproduce asexually, which genes would most likely be passed on?
a.) only the new genes
b.) only the original genes
c.) both the original and the new genes
d.) neither the original nor the new genes
42. Which cell is normally produced as a direct result of meiosis?
a.) a uterine cell having half the normal species number of chromosomes
b.) an egg having the full species number of chromosomes
c.) a zygote having the full species number of chromosomes