Name: ______Date: ______
IB Geography 11 Period: ______
The Four Categories of Industry
Primary Industries: involve the extraction of raw resources.
eg logging, mining, fishing, agriculture
Secondary Industries: involve taking raw resources and making them into something (i.e. manufacturing).
Tertiary Industries: involve the selling of goods and services eg retail stores, restaurants, etc.
Quaternary Industries: involve the professions and services that require a high level of skill, expertise, and specialization. They include education, research and development, administration, and financial services such as accountancy.
Complete the Table below.
Primary / Secondary (primary manufacturing) / Secondary (secondary manufacturing) / Tertiary / QuaternaryCutting Down Trees / Making Lumber / Building Furniture / Selling it at Sears / New Furniture Design
Extracting Oil from the Ground / Basic Refining / Further Refining into Gasoline / Mohawk / Developing gasoline that produces less air pollution
Catching Salmon
Growing Wheat
Mining Iron Ore from the Ground
Over time, a country such as Canada has made a transition from a primary based economy to secondary to tertiary, etc. For instance, think about what first attracted the Europeans to this part of the world – fish and furs. Then as more people settled, logging and agriculture grew in importance. All of these are primary activities. However, to truly gain wealth, a nation does not want to simply sell raw resources but rather sell manufactured goods. One of Canada’s first secondary industries was ship building. As time progressed, and Canada’s economy diversified, more secondary industry was created generating more wealth for the nation and its people. With more individual disposable income, people can afford to buy consumer goods and take advantage of the service industry. Consequently, today the tertiary sector employs the most Canadians. This would not happen though without the underlying support of the secondary and primary sectors. Furthermore, with continued wealth generation, monies have been made available to support research and development in a number of fields including medicine, aerospace technology, and computers. This is part of the quaternary sector.
Within Canada, the level of economic diversification varies considerably from one part of the country to another. For example, Ontario has a well diversified economy with a strong primary base including minerals from the Canadian Shield and agriculture in the Great Lakes / St Lawrence Lowlands region. In terms of secondary, southern Ontario is the industrial heartland of the country with car manufacturing as a leading activity. In turn, the wealth from these industries supports a large population which can afford numerous consumer goods and services in the tertiary sector. As for quaternary, Toronto is the financial headquarters for corporate Canada. A number of these corporations support research and development projects. Ottawa, being the nation’s capital, is the centre for government administration. As well, the city supports many high tech. jobs.
It should be noted that there has been an ongoing decline in the manufacturing sector in the traditional industrial heartland of North America around the Great Lakes for both the United States and Canada as manufactures have moved production to newly industrialized countries (i.e. NICs) such as China and India where labour costs are significantly lower.
For a province such as Newfoundland and Labrador, it has never had a strong manufacturing / secondary base. Instead, the province has traditionally depended upon cod fishing as a main wealth generator. With the demise of the cod stocks since 1992, the province has diversified into new areas such as offshore oil extraction (i.e. Hibernia).
Western Canada, in recent years, has seen the lowest unemployment rates in the country, particularly in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, with most people employed in services but supported by strong development of natural resources
(eg oil and minerals) aided by growing demand from Asia.
Globally, these contrasts in economic development are also apparent. As evidence, complete the table below using information from the Statistics - Human Development Report Office for the UN Human Development Index World Ranking and the CIA Factbook for the remaining information.
Country Rank (UN HDI** 2016) / GDP per Capita* / GDP –composition by sector / Labour Force
by Occupation / Economy Overview (five key points)
Norway ______
United States
_____
Denmark
_____
China _____
Philippines
______
Brazil
_____
Niger
_____
Solomon Islands
_____
Haiti
_____
*GDP per capita: Is the money value of all goods and services produced within a country each year per person.
**United Nations Human Development Index: World ranking of countries based on life expectancy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita / Purchasing Power Parity.
Ø In approximately 700 to 800 words, compare and contrast the economies and UN HDI rankings of these countries making reference to:
o the information and statistics that you have collected
o the introductory notes provided with this assignment
o and the “Development” packet
Note – To help your analysis, decide which countries are MEDCs, NICs, and LEDCs and include statistics that clearly show the difference. Remember that in most LEDCs, a strong majority of people are employed in agriculture.