ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 1 for “Gaudeamus lavocati sp. nov. (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the lower Oligocene of Zallah, Libya: First African Caviomorph?” Naturwissenschaften
Pauline Costera*, Mouloud Benammia, Vincent Lazzaria, Guillaume Billeta, Thomas Martinb, Mustafa Salemc, Awad Abolhassan Bilald, Yaowalak Chaimaneee, Mathieu Schustera, Xavier Valentina, Michel Brunetf, Jean-Jacques Jaegera
aInstitut International de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine: Evolution et Paléoenvironnements (iPHEP), UMR-CNRS 6046, Université de Poitiers UFR SFA, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
b Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn, Germamy
c Geology department, University of El Fateh, Tripoli, Libya
d Geology department, Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya
e Paleontology Division, Bureau of Paleontology and Museum, Department of Mineral Resources, Rama VI Road, Bangkok-10400 Thailand
f Chaire de Paléontologie Humaine, Collège de France, Place Marcellin-Berthelot, F-75005- Paris Cedex 5, France
*Corresponding author: Pauline Coster
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CONTENTS
1. List of specimens referred to Gaudeamus lavocati
2. Table S1 - Measurements of Gaudeamus lavocati
3. Description of Gaudeamus lavocati cheek teeth
4. Sampled taxa used for the phylogenetic analysis
5. List of characters used in the phylogenetic analysis
6. Taxa-character matrix
7. Figure S1 - Cladogram with positionned unambigous synampomorphies.
References
1. LIST OF SPECIMENS REFERRED TO GAUDEAMUS LAVOCATI
Z5R-1, left M1; Z5R-2, left M1; Z5R-3, left M1; Z5R-4, left M1; Z5R-5, left M1; Z5R-6, left M1; Z5R-7, left M1; Z5R-8, left M1; Z5R-9, left M1; Z5R-10, left M1; Z5R-11, left M1; Z5R-12, left M1; Z5R-13, left M1; Z5R-14, left M1; Z5R-15, left M1; Z5R-16, right M1; Z5R-17, right M1; Z5R-18, right M1; Z5R-19, right M1; Z5R-20, right M1; Z5R-21, right M1; Z5R-22, right M1; Z5R-23, right M1; Z5R-24, right M1; Z5R-25, right M1; Z5R-26, right M1; Z5R-27, right M1; Z5R-28, right M1; Z5R-29, right M1; Z5R-30; left M2; Z5R-31, left M2; Z5R-32, left M2; Z5R-33, left M2; Z5R-34, left M2; Z5R-35, left M2; Z5R-36, left M2; Z5R-37, left M2; Z5R-38, right M2; Z5R-39, right M2; Z5R-40, right M2; Z5R-41, right M2; Z5R-42, right M2; Z5R-43, right M2; Z5R-44, right M2; Z5R-45, right M2; Z5R-46, right M2; Z5R-47, left M3; Z5R-48, left M3; Z5R-49, left M3; Z5R-50, left M3; Z5R-51, left M3; Z5R-52, left M3; Z5R-53, left M3; Z5R-54, left M3; Z5R-55, left M3; Z5R-56, left M3; Z5R-57, left M3; Z5R-58, right M3; Z5R-59, right M3; Z5R-60, right M3; Z5R-61, right M3; Z5R-62, right M3; Z5R-63, right M3; Z5R-64, right M3; Z5R-65, right M3; Z5R-66, right M3; Z5R-67, right M3; Z5R-68, right M3; Z5R-69, right lower jaw with M1-M3; Z5R-70, right M1; Z5R-71, right M1; Z5R-72, right M1; Z5R-73, right M1; Z5R-74, right M1; Z5R-75, right M1; Z5R-76, right M1; Z5R-77, left M1; Z5R-78, left M1; Z5R-79, left M1; Z5R-80, left M1; Z5R-81, left M1; Z5R-82, left M1; Z5R-83, left M1; Z5R-84, left M1; Z5R-85, left M1; Z5R-86, left M1; Z5R-87, left M1; Z5R-88, left M1; Z5R-89, left M1; Z5R-90, left M1;,Z5R-90, right M2; Z5R-91, right M2; Z5R-92, right M2; Z5R-93, right M2; Z5R-94, right M2; Z5R-95, right M2; Z5R-96, right M2; Z5R-97, right M2; Z5R-98, right M2; Z5R-99, right M2; Z5R-100, right M2; Z5R-101, right M2; Z5R-102, right M2; Z5R-103, right M2; Z5R-104, left M2; Z5R-105, left M2; Z5R-106, left M2; Z5R-107, left M2; Z5R-108, left M2; Z5R-109, left M2; Z5R-110, left M2; Z5R-111, left M2; Z5R-112, left M2; Z5R-113, left M2; Z5R-114, left M2; Z5R-115, left M2; Z5R-116, left M2; Z5R-117, left M2; Z5R-118, left M2; Z5R-119, left M2; Z5R-120, left M2; Z5R-121, right M3; Z5R-122, right M3; Z5R-123, right M3; Z5R-124, right M3; Z5R-125, right M3; Z5R-126, right M3; Z5R-127, right M3; Z5R-128, left M3; Z5R-129, left M3; Z5R-130, left M3; Z5R-131, left M3; Z5R-132, left dP4; Z5R-133, right dP4; Z5R-134, right dP4; Z5R-135, right dP4; Z5R-136, left P4; Z5R-137, right P4; Z5R-138, left P4; Z5R-139, left dP4; Z5R-140, left dP4; Z5R-141, left P4; Z5R-142, left P4; Z5R-143, right P4; Z5R-144, left P4; Z5R-145, left P4; Z5R-146, left P4; Z5R-147, right P4; Z5R-148, left P4; Z5R-149, left P4; Z5R-150, left P4; Z5R-151, right P4; Z5R-152, left P4; Z5R-153, left P4; Z5R-154, right P4; Z5R-155, right P4; Z5R-156, right P4; MA 310, left I1; MA 311, left I1; MA 312, left I1.
2. TABLE S1
MEASUREMENT OF CHEEK TEETH OF GAUDEAMUS LAVOCATIN / O.R. (mm) / X (mm) / S.D. / c.v.
Length
M1 / 29 / 1.74-2.18 / 2.05 / 0.1 / 4.88
M2 / 15 / 2.06-2.50 / 2.23 / 0.11 / 4.93
M3 / 15 / 1.36-2.08 / 1.8 / 0.18 / 10
P4 / 4 / 2.24-2.43 / 2.31 / 0.09 / 3.90
dP4 / 3 / 1.91-2.02 / 1.98 / 0.06 / 3.03
M1 / 15 / 1.76-2.02 / 1.91 / 0.08 / 4.19
M2 / 18 / 1.96-2.38 / 2.13 / 0.11 / 5.16
M3 / 7 / 1.51-1.87 / 1.74 / 0.15 / 8.62
P4 / 8 / 1.44-1.62 / 1.53 / 0.06 / 3.92
dP4 / 2 / 1.41-1.48 / 1.44 / 0.05 / 3.47
Width
M1 / 29 / 1.70-2.32 / 2.04 / 0.13 / 6.37
M2 / 15 / 2.10-2.54 / 2.29 / 0.14 / 6.11
M3 / 15 / 1.50-2.07 / 1.79 / 0.17 / 9.50
P4 / 4 / 1.46-1.57 / 1.49 / 0.05 / 3.36
dP4 / 3 / 1.48-1.81 / 1.69 / 0.18 / 10.65
M1 / 15 / 2.09-2.48 / 2.26 / 0.13 / 5.75
M2 / 18 / 2.08-2.89 / 2.49 / 0.2 / 8.03
M3 / 7 / 1.76-2.13 / 1.95 / 0.14 / 7.18
P4 / 8 / 1.70-2.15 / 1.91 / 0.14 / 7.33
dP4 / 2 / 1.81-2.09 / 1.95 / 0.19 / 9.74
3. DESCRIPTION
The holotype (figure 1a), an incomplete right lower jaw, displays an incomplete tooth row with M1-M3. This mandible is broken mesially just ahead the M1. The bad condition of preservation of the jaw does not allow exhaustive comparison.
Lower molars display a tetralophodont pattern. Cusps are indistinct, submerged into strong transverse lophs. M1 is square-shaped. There is no anterior cingulid. The protoconid and metaconid are bucco-lingually opposed and united at the front of the tooth by way of a metalophulid I. A short mesolophid extends mesially from a small to indistinct mesostylid. The mesolophid is short and surrounds a closed basin on the disto-labial side of the metaconid. It shows different pattern of development. It is sometimes complete and reaches the mesial edge of the tooth. It could either be interrupted in its medial part or its buccal part can be lacking. The metaconid develops a mesio-distal enlargement which forms a small lingual wall connecting metaconid and mesostylid as wear proceeds. In most worn teeth, this lingual wall is continuous, connecting the rear of the metaconid to the entoconid. A straight, strong transverse crest joins the protoconid to the entoconid. The ectolophid is transverse and connects the protoconid to the labial tip of a mesio-labially oriented hypolophid. There is no mesoconid. On M1 of the holotype, a longitudinal and small enamel spur arises from the disto-lingual edge of the mesolophid, and tends to connect the hypolophid. The posterolophid runs from the hypoconid to the lingual margin of the tooth. There is no anterior arm of hypoconid. The hypolophid is not connected to the hypoconid as it does in others phiomyids and in baluchimyines. A large transverse sinusid isolates the hypoconid and the posterolophid on the disto-labial side of the tooth. On worn teeth, the entoconid displays a distal enlargement which connects the lingual tip of the posterolophid, closing the sinusid lingually.
M2 displays the same morphological pattern but is rectangular in outline and larger in size than M1. M3 is smaller than the other molars, and more variable in size. It displays a narrower posterior portion. It differs from the other molars in having no mesolophid or one reduced to its lingual part.
dP4 is lower crowned than permanent teeth (figure 1b). The tooth is oval-shaped; the talonid is wider than the trigonid. It is pentalophodont, and displays the following transverse crests: an anterolophid, a metalophulid II, a mesolophid, a hypolophid, and a posterolophid. The anterolophid connects the protoconid and the metaconid. The protoconid links to the rear of the metaconid through a metalophulid II. These two anterior ridges are variously developed. The mesolophid, stemming from a small mesostylid, joins labially the posterior arm of the protoconid. The protoconid connects distally with the hypolophid by the way of a transverse ectolophid. As in the molars, there is no connection between hypolophid and hypoconid. The posterolophid, running from the hypoconid to buccal margin of the tooth, is isolated from others crests by a mesio-labially to disto-lingually directed deep sinus.
The three-crested P4 are oval shaped and the cusps are more expressed than on other cheek teeth (figure 1c). They are higher-crowned than dP4 and develop a stronger lingual wall than the molars. The protoconid is mesially located with respect to the metaconid. The metalophulid II is interrupted. There is no mesolophid.
As the lowers, upper cheek teeth are tetralophodont and the cusps are barely distinguable, merged into strong lophs (figure 1d-h). They display a notable unilateral hypsodonty, the lingual height of the crown being almost twice of the buccal in unworn or slightly worn teeth.
The anteroloph is well developed and extends posteriorly toward the hypocone. The protocone is crestiform, submerged in the anteroloph and doesn’t display connexion with the other cusps of the tooth. The internal lingual sinus is wide and reaches the labial side of the tooth. In late stage of wear, the labial tip of the anteroloph connects the paracone. The paracone joins the anterior arm of the hypocone through a transverse protoloph, disto-lingually directed. This crest is long and slender and doesn’t bear any conule. A mesoloph extends disto-lingually, from a small to indistinct mesostyle, back to the middle of the posteroloph. G. lavocati lacks a metaloph, the metacone has merged with the posteroloph. The posteroloph runs from the hypocone toward the buccal edge of the tooth. In worn teeth, the metacone, merged in the buccal tip of the posteroloph, is connected to the mesostyle through a slender wall on the labial margin of the tooth. Worn tooth exhibits a complete buccal union of the four crests.
M2 is similar in morphology, larger in size and rectangular-shaped; being wider than long (figure 1e). M3 is shorter and narrower distally, with a triangular outline. The hypocone and the metacone get closer; the posteroloph runs buccally and connects these two cusps (figure 1d).
dP4 is known for this species from 2 badly worn teeth (figure 1g). They are oval in shape, longer than wide and basically three crested, the mesoloph is not developed. The anteroloph is strong and separated from the other crests by a deep sinus as in the molars.
P4 is high-crowned and exhibits a simple pattern (figure 1h). The organisation of the lophs is similar as in the molars. The mesoloph is variably developed. On some individuals, it is absent, usually only its buccal part is developed. The anteroloph is extended distally and tends to join the hypocone.
4. SAMPLED TAXA USED FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Genera sampling
Taxa / Location / Age / referencesBaluchimyinae / Baluchimys / Thailand (Ban Pu Dam Pit, Krabi basin); Pakistan (Balochistan, Bugti Hills, Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation) / late Eocene, early Oligocene / Flynn et al. 1986
Lophibaluchia / Pakistan (Balochistan, Bugti Hills, Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation) / early Oligocene / Flynn et al. 1986
Lindsaya / Pakistan (Balochistan, Bugti Hills, Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation) / early Oligocene / Flynn et al. 1986
Hodsahibia / Pakistan (Balochistan, Bugti Hills, Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation) / early Oligocene / Flynn et al. 1986
Bugtimys / Pakistan (Balochistan, Bugti Hills, Bugti Member, Chitarwata Formation) / early Oligocene / Marivaux et al, 2002
Yuomyidae / Yuomys / China (Jentsen, Mienchi district, Honan) / late Eocene / Li 1975
Chapattimyidae / Birbalomys / Pakistan (Mami Khel Clay, Subthu Group, Kuldana Formation); India / early-middle Eocene / Sahni & Khare 1973
Phiomyidae / Protophiomys / Algeria (Bir el Ater); Libya (Dur at Talhah); Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation) / late Middle/late Eocene / Jaeger et al. 1985
Waslamys / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation) / late Eocene-early Oligocene / Sallam et al. 2009
Talhahphiomys / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation); Libya (Dur at Talhah) / late middle/late Eocene, early Oligocene / Wood 1968
Phiomys / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation); Libya (Dur at Talhah) / late Middle/late Eocene, early Oligocene / Osborn 1908
Metaphiomys / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation); Oman (Thaytiniti and Taqah, Dhofar Province, Oman); Tanzania / early Oligocene / Osborn 1908
Phiocricetomys / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation) / early Oligocene / Wood 1968
Thryonomyidae / Paraphiomys / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation); Kenya; Saudi Arabia / late Oligocene, Miocene / Andrews 1914
Paraulacodus / Pakistan (Lower Siwalik) / middle Miocene / Hinton 1933
Gaudeamus / Egypt (Fayum depression, Jebel el Qatrani Formation); Libya (Zallah) / early Oligocene / Wood 1968
Thryonomys / Sub-saharan Africa / Pleistocene to recent / Fitzinger, 1867
Octodontidae / Platypittamys / Patagonia (Deseado) / late Oligocene / Wood 1949
Echimyidae / Sallamys / Bolivia (Salla Luribay) / late Oligocene / Hoffstetter &Lavocat 1970
Eosallamys / Peru (Santa Rosa) / ?-Eocene / Frailey & Campbell 2004
Eoespina / Peru (Santa Rosa) / ?-Eocene / Frailey & Campbell 2004
Eosachacui / Peru (Santa Rosa) / ?-Eocene / Frailey & Campbell 2004
Agoutidea / Eoincamys / Peru (Santa Rosa) / ?-Eocene / Frailey & Campbell 2004
Eobranisamys / Peru (Santa Rosa) / ?-Eocene / Frailey &Campbell 2004
Dinomyidae / Branisamys / Bolivia (Salla Luribay) / late Oligocene / Hoffstetter & Lavocat 1970
Dasyproctidae / Incamys / Bolivia (Salla Luribay) / late Oligocene / Hoffstetter & Lavocat 1970
Hystricidae / Hystrix / China, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Indo-Pakistan, Mediterranean region, eastern and sub-Saharan Africa / Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene / Linnaeus 1758
5. LIST OF CHARACTERS USED IN THE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS