Chapter 4: Rural and Urban Spaces Test

Chapter 4: Rural and Urban Spaces Test

Section A: General

Describe what we mean by:

(i)settlement: a type of place where groups of people live e.g. city, town or village

(ii)urban: built-up area e.g. town or city (opposite of rural

(iii)rural: countryside (opposite of urban)

(iv)catchment area / sphere of influencethe area surrounding e.g. a settlement which is influenced by that settlement economically, socially and /or politically

(4 marks)

Study the diagram below.
It shows a settlement hierarchy.

(a)Explain what a settlement hierarchy means and why it is this shape.(2 marks)

•It is a way or ranking or organising different types of settlement according to size, catchment area and the functions carried out.

•It is pyramid shaped because there are many more smaller settlements e.g. villages at the bottom than e.g. cities near the top.

1 mark for explanation, 1 mark for why this shape. Total =2 marks

(b)Give two reasons why a city is abovea village in this diagram (2 marks)

Two from e.g.

•Cities have many more people

•Cities have much larger catchment areas

•Cities have more functions, services and amenities

•There are less cities than villages

2 x 1 mark. Total =2 marks

(c)Settlements have different functions. Explain what this means, giving two examples plus named locations.(3 marks)

Function means purpose. Settlements offer or carry out different functions. Some may be common to many e.g. retail (shopping) services. Others are more specialist e.g. ports, market towns, industrial centres. NB Students may give other functions – there are many.

1 mark to explain function; 1 each for 2 different examples with locations. Total =3 marks

(a) Study the diagram. It is a simple model to show land use in cities in MDCs. Add the type of land use found in each ring or zone to the key.(2 marks)

3 correct for 1 mark, all 5 correct for 2 marks. Total = 2 marks

(b)Describe or draw a new diagram to show how this model might change when there are transport routes leading out from the middle e.g. roads, railways, rivers/canals.(3 marks)

Students should either describe this model or have a drawing similar to it – although it may lack some detail. Allow up to 2 marks if correct but incomplete; full marks if complete and accurate.

Total = 3 marks

Write the correct missing word next to each description. (4 x 1 mark)

(i)mass transportlarge scale use of e.g. buses and trains

(ii)rural-urban fringethe area at the edge of urban areas

(iii)commutingtravelling daily to and from work

(iv)suburbanisation the development of new residential areas outside the inner city

(a)Describe what makes a megacity today. (1 mark)

A city with over 10 million inhabitants

(b)How has this changed?(1 mark)

It has increased from 8 million. (In 1970 the UN defined megacities as those with more than 8 million people)

Study the map below which shows the world’s megacities in 2011.

(a)Complete the tables below:

20+ million / 15.1-20 million / 10-15 million
Number of megacities in 2011 / 6 / 7 / 10

(1 mark)

(b)

continent / Number of megacities
in 2011
Africa / 2
Asia / 13
Europe / 2
North America / 3
South America / 3
Oceania / 0

(2 marks)

(c)Look at your answers to Q6 (b). Draw a pie chart below to show the percentages of megacities in LDCs and MDCs. Shade in and label the two sectors and label the correct percentage on each one.

1 for correct drawing, 1 for labelling/shading. Total =2 marks

In future there will be many more megacities, especially in LDCS. Give three reasons for this.
(3 marks)

May include:

•Most new jobs/opportunities are in LDC cities

•As more people move to cities in LDCs, natural increase / growth rate will be high

•A range of push / pull factors (see below)

Push factors / Pull Factors
Little work apart from farming / Availability of jobs
Remote and isolated / Better pay
Few schools or health facilities / Access to services = schools, clinics, shops
Limited access to water, sanitation or energy supplies / Bright lights syndrome
May be prone to natural hazards, e.g. drought, floods / Joining family members there

Any three appropriate reasons.3 x 1 mark. Total =3 marks

(a)Describe and explain two ways inner city areas / city centres have changed as road transport and traffic have increased.(2 x 2 marks)

May include:

•More congested crowded – little or no space to widen/increase number of roads

•More noise pollution with increased traffic

•More atmospheric pollution – more emissions from e=vehicle exhausts

2 x 2 marks. 1 mark for description, 1 mark for explanation. Total = 4 marks

(b)Study the photo below. Add your own annotations to explain the different ways this inner city area is being used / may be different from the past.(3 x 1 mark)

Main features include:

•Pedestrianised areas – traffic free

•Pavements used for displaying goods / seating (cafes etc)

•Modern flats/apartments above shops

•Wide area for shoppers, pedestrians and bicycles

At least 3 separate changes shown/ explained. 3 x 1 mark. Total = 3 marks

(a)In terms of housing in inner cities, describe what is meant by:

(i)urban renewal:changes to existing urban areas, often large scale schemes

(ii)renovation:to improve / modernise old buildings

(2 x 1 mark)

(b)How did New Towns help with housing problems?

Helped by providing large numbers of houses away from existing, crowded urban areas

(1 mark)

Answer true () or false ():

FalseBetween 1998 and 2000 the proportion of people in the world living in urban areas went past 50%.

TrueLess than 1 out of every 5 people in the Netherlands today lives in rural areas.

TrueThere are fewer jobs in rural areas today than in the past because of mechanisation.

TrueRural industries have had to adapt and diversify to survive.

FalseRural areas have a wide range of services.

(5 x 1 mark)

In many rural areas across the world, people are moving away to urban areas. Sometimes this is for push factors, sometimes for pull factors – and often for a mixture of the two. Give two examples of each.

(a)push factors:

2 from:

•Little work available apart from farming (hard physical work)

•Remote/isolated

•Few schools, health or other facilities

•Limited access to water, sanitation or energy

•Sometimes prone to natural hazards e.g. drought/floods etc

2 correct answers for 1 mark

(b)pull factors:

2 from:

•Jobs /work opportunities

•Better pay

•Access to services like schools, clinics and shops

•Bright lights syndrome

•Joining family members already there

2 correct answers for 1 mark

In many MDCs today, people are moving from urban areas into rural areas.

(a)What is this movement called? Counter-urbanisation

(1 mark)

(b)Give two push and two pull factors for this urban to rural movement

(i)push factors:

•Urban areas are overcrowded

•lack of open or green spaces

•noisy

•traffic congestion

•High levels of atmospheric pollution

2 correct answers for 1 mark

(ii)pull factors:

2 from:

•Fewer people / more space

•Less traffic

•Fresh air – far less atmospheric pollution

•Peace and quiet

•Larger houses / lower prices

•More attractive environment

2 correct answers for 1 mark

(Section A total = 50 marks)

Section B:

Case Studies: Sao Paulo, Brazil

Draw a ring around the correct missing words/numbers to complete the following statements.
(4 marks)

Brazil is the third/fourth/fifth largest country in the world.

It is home to more people than 3 / 4 / 5 other countries.

Sao Paulo is the world’s 2nd / 4th /6th largest mega city, with a population of about 25/ 20 / 25 million.

Sao Paulo is situated in the south / south west / south east of Brazil, close to the Pacific / Atlantic Ocean.

4 x 1 mark. Total = 4 marks

Although the settlement of Sao Paulo began in the 16th century, it did not grow very much until the 19th century.

(a)Explain what helped to start its rapid growth and later industrialisation(2 marks)

•Rich fertile soils of the surrounding Parana plateau were used to grow coffee

•Money from selling coffee was used to develop other industry in Sao Paulo

(b)Sao Paulo’s greatest growth was between in the second half of the twentieth century as new industries set up in the city. Name two TNCs who built factories in Sao Paulo. Also state what goods they made. (2 marks)

A range of examples e.g.

•Ford and Volkswagen (vehicles / cars)

•Philips and Sony (electrical and household goods)

(c)Describe the impact thatrapid industrialisationhad on Sao Paulo and population growth. Use the following in your answer: rural-urban migration; newcomers; favelas.(4 marks)

Should explain in detail why people migrated to Sao Paulo (looking for work); the shortage of housing for newcomers ; only solution was to build their own homes – favelas (shanty towns): impact = rapid population growth

Must use the 3 terms listed to gain full marks. Total = 4 marks

(a)Describe twoways in which some of the older favelas and the areas where they were built have been improved today.(2 x 1 mark)

e.g.

•Worst areas cleared. Money provided for self-help schemes – money to buy materials to improve own homes e.g. brick/concrete

•Services and amenities provided e.g. water, sanitation, power, schools, clinics etc

•Better roads/access

(b)Many of Sao Paulo’s high and middle income people live in enclaves of gated communities.

(i)What are these like?(1 mark)

Secure areas with high walls/fences and security gates patrolled by guards

(ii)Where in the city are they found? Why?(2 marks)

•Near the city centre for access

•On major transport routes into and out of the city – again for access

(iii)Name and describe one of these communities you have studied.(3 marks)

Alphaville, 20km from city centre

•Middle income families

•20,000 homes

•Schools, sports and leisure complexes and restaurants

•2000 businesses

•Gated community

•Security guards 24 hours a day

1 mark for name; 2 marks for description. 3 marks

Explain why traffic congestion in Sao Paulo is such a major problem, and why it is difficult to find solutions.(5 marks)

Range of answers:

•V Large megacity – many of the 20 million inhabitants need to commute to work, some from as far as 30-40km away

•Rapid growth has meant transport system has not been able to adapt quickly enough – too many people need access at the same time

•7 million cars in Sao Paulo, plus buses and lorries

•Two main express highways carry 500,000 vehicles a day

•Traffic jams are often 100km long

•Average traffic speed in 15kph; average journey time by road is two hours 45 minutes

Marks awarded will depend on the level of detail given. Total = 5 marks

Case Studies: The Netherlands

Explain why Europe’s Industrial Revolution changed where and how people lived in the Netherlands in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Refer to urbanisation, industry and mass transport.(4 marks)

Answer should highlight migration from rural to urban areas to work in new factories (Industrial Revolution). When mass transport developed (private cars, trains, buses) people could move out of city centres and commute to work.

Need to use all three terms given and write in detail for full marks. Total = 4 marks

The Randstad is the largest conurbation in the Netherlands.

(a)Name the and describe the location of the four cities which combine to form the Randstad
(2 marks)

1 mark for naming the cities, 1 for describing the location. Total = 2 marks

(b)

(i)How many people live in the Randstad?7 million

(ii)What is the population density?1500km2

Both need to be correct for 1 mark

Although much smaller than Sao Paulo, traffic congestion in the Randstad is also a major problem.Explain why.(2 marks)

Millions live and work in the Randstad, commuting in and out of a fairly small but very crowded area with narrow roads and many canals and bridges to cross, and little room to expand / build new roads

Give two reasons to help explain how the ‘Golden Age’ helped Amsterdam to become Europe’s richest port and city in the 17th century.(2 marks)

May include:

•The Dutch East India Company was formed in Amsterdam – the world’s first TNC! Its offices became the world’s first stock exchange

•Ships sailed all around the world from Amsterdam, trading with and exploring new countries - some of which became Dutch colonies

•The city became very prosperous and grew beyond the old city walls, with the building of its famous semi-circular canals

•Amsterdam became a major world centre for art, through the work of painters e.g. Rembrandt and Vermeer

Study the graph below. It shows population change in Amsterdam between 1900 and 1999.

Choose and explain the reasons for one period of rapid growth and one period of rapid decline.(2 x 1 mark)

Student choice. Must give the years and explain why growth or decline took place

(a)Amsterdam is undergoing much urban renewal. What is the main reason for this?(1 mark)

Much of the housing stock was old and/or of a poor standard

(b)What were the main aims of the Bijlmer development in the Southeast District which began in the late 1960s?(2 marks)

•To help the housing shortage

•To provide new, modern homes

(c)Explain why the Bijlmer has undergone major changes in the 1990s.(3 marks)

•People disliked the size and lack of variety

•It did not have facilities e.g. public transport and shops nearby that people were used to

•Families were beginning to be smaller (less children) and many single people wanted housing more suitable for their needs

•People wanted their own spaces – gardens/garages next to houses etc.

•Rents were considered to be too high

The Green Heart, although surrounded on three sides by the cities and urban sprawl of the Randstad, is protected from development. However, there is great pressure to build on parts of it. Explain whether (and why) you are for or against it being developed in future.(6 marks)

Student choice

(Section B total = 50 marks)

Section A = 50 marks

Section B = 50 marks

Total: 100 marks