Bio 392: Study Guide for 2011 Mid-term
Exam Date: Tuesday, February 1st 7:45 am-9:15 am
Chapter 1, 2, 38, 7, 3, 4-2, 8, & 23
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
· Vocabulary: science, observation, data, inference, hypothesis, theory, fact, spontaneous generation, controlled experiment, independent (manipulated) variable, dependent (responding) variable, theory, biology, cell, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, metabolism, stimulus, homeostasis, evolution, metric system, microscope, compound light microscope, electron microscopes (TEM and SEM)
· Know or be able to:
o Explain what science is
o Describe a scientific experiment with all necessary components:
-independent (manipulated) variable, dependent (responding) variable,
control group, constant
o Steps of the Scientific Method (in order)
o Describe the work of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur
-their contributions to the debate on spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis
o Characteristics of living things
-with examples given, pick out the characteristic demonstrated
o The metric system
-units used for measuring length, mass, and volume
-how to convert among micro-, milli-, centi-, deci-, deka-, hecto-, kilo-
o The parts of a compound light microscope
-the location and function of all parts
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
· Vocabulary: atom, nucleus, proton, electron, neutron, element, ion, isotope, molecule, compound, covalent bond, ionic bond, van der Waals forces, cohesion, adhesion, mixture, solution, solute, solvent, suspension, acid, base, monomer, polymer, carbohydrate, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, nucleic acid, nucleotide, RNA, DNA, protein, amino acid, chemical reaction, reactant, product, activation energy, catalyst, enzyme, substrate
· Know or be able to:
Sec 2-1
o Define matter
o Identify the three main subatomic particles and describe their locations in an atom
o Identify how many electrons go in each energy level
o Distinguish between atomic number and mass number
§ Know what these numbers tell you
o Given a chemical formula (ex. H2O), identify the total number of atoms
o Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar and how they are different
o Explain what chemical compounds are
o Distinguish between the two main types of chemical bonds: ionic and covalent
Sec 2-2
o Explain why water molecules are polar
o Explain what a hydrogen bond is
o Distinguish between adhesion and cohesion
o Differentiate between solutions and suspensions
o Explain what acidic solutions and basic solutions are
o Explain how the pH scale works
§ Given pH values, tell whether something is acidic, basic, or neutral
Sec 2-3
o Define an organic compound
o Describe the structures and functions of each group of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
§ Know the building blocks and examples for each group
Sec 2-4
o Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds in compounds
o Identify the reactants and the products in a chemical reaction
o Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur
§ Chemical reaction that release energy vs. chemical reactions that absorb energy
o Explain what activation energy is
o Explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions
o Explain why enzymes are important to living things
o Explain the relationship among the following terms: catalyst, enzyme, substrate, active site
o How to balance a chemical equation
Chapter 38: Digestive and Excretory Systems
· Vocabulary: Calorie, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin, mineral, amylase, esophagus, peristalsis, stomach, chyme, small intestine, pancreas, liver, villus, large intestine, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, nephron, filtration, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, reabsorption, loop of Henle, urethra
· Know or be able to:
Sec 38-1
o Explain how food provides energy
o Distinguish between calories and Calories
o Identify the 6 essential nutrients: water, carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
§ Explain why they are needed for life in terms of their functions
Sec 38-2
o Describe the overall function of the digestive system and of its parts
o Distinguish between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion
o Identify the parts of the digestive system in a diagram
§ *Refer to Fig. 38-10 on p. 979 and Fig. 38-13 on p. 981*
o Explain the importance of villi in the small intestines
o Identify digestive system disorders and their causes
Sec 38-3
o Identify the functions of the kidneys
o Identify the parts of the excretory system in a diagram
§ *Refer to Fig. 38-17 on p. 986*
o Describe the functions of the parts of the excretory system
o Explain how blood is filtered
o Explain how kidney function is controlled
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
· Vocabulary: cell theory, nucleus, eukaryote, prokaryote, organelle, cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, chromatin, chromosome, nucleolus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole, mitochondrion, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cell membrane, cell wall, phospholipids bilayer, concentration, diffusion, equilibrium, osmosis, isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis
· Know or be able to:
Sec 7-1
o Describe how the following people were involved in the cell history: Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
o Identify the 3 components of the cell theory and explain what the cell theory is
o Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Sec 7-2
o Label the parts of an animal cell and a plant cell
o Identify the structure and function of all cell organelles
o Identify the differences between plant cells and animal cells
Sec 7-3
o Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and cell wall
o Identify the 4 main components of the cell membrane and their functions
o Identify and distinguish among the three types of passive transport
-diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
o Distinguish between passive and active transport
-whether energy is needed or not
-whether it goes from more to less or less to more concentration
o Explain what would happen to a cell in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions
o Distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis
-endocytosis = how cell takes in large amounts of material
-exocytosis = how cell releases large amounts of material
o Distinguish between phagocytosis and pinocytosis (both = types of endocytosis)
-phagocytosis = how cell takes in food
-pinocytosis = how cell takes in liquid
Sec 7-4
o Skip this section
Chapter 3 and 4-3: Ecology
· Vocabulary: Ecology, biosphere, species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, autotroph, producer, heterotroph, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer, food chain, food web, trophic level, Biogeochemical cycle, evaporation, transpiration, nutrient, nitrogen fixation, limiting nutrient, Biotic factor, abiotic factor, habitat, niche, resource, predation, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, ecological succession, primary succession, pioneer species, secondary succession
· Know or be able to:
Sec 3-1
o Levels of Organization
Sec 3-2
o Analyze feeding relationships- Ex. food chain and food webs
o Energy pyramid: available amount of energy at each trophic level
Sec 3-3
o Biogeochemical cycles: Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen
Sec 4-2
o Biotic and abiotic factors
o The niche
o Community interactions
o Ecological succession: primary and secondary
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
· Vocabulary: autotroph, heterotroph, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), photosynthesis, pigment, chlorophyll, thylakoid, photosystem, stroma, NADP+, NADPH, light-dependent reactions, ATP synthase, Calvin cycle
· Know or be able to:
Sec 8-1
o Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs and provide examples of each
o Identify the three main parts of ATP
§ Given a diagram of ATP, be able to identify each part
o Explain how energy is released from ATP
o Distinguish among ATP, ADP, and AMP
Sec 8-2
o Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis
§ Be familiar with the overall equation for photosynthesis
o Define pigments-know examples
o Explain how light works in terms of colors of light reflected and colors of light absorbed
§ Explain why something appears to be a certain color
o Identify what colors of light are absorbed by chlorophyll and what color of light is reflected.
Sec 8-3
o Identify the main components of a chloroplast
§ Given a diagram of a chloroplast, identify the thylakoid, stroma, and granum
§ Know in which part of the chloroplast, the photosystems are found
o Identify where the light dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast
o Identify the products of the light dependent reactions
o Describe the steps of the light dependent reactions in order
o Know that the light independent reactions is also called the Calvin cycle
o Identify where the light independent reactions take place in the chloroplast
o Identify the products of the light independent reactions
o Identify 3 factors that affect photosynthesis and explain how they affect photosynthesis
Chapter 23: Roots, Stems, and Leaves (only what we covered in class notes)
· Vocabulary: root hair, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, mesophyll, stoma, guard cell, transpiration, adhesion, capillary action
· Know or be able to:
o Identify the 3 main organs of the plant and explain their functions
§ Roots, stems, leaves
o Identify the 4 main tissue systems of the plants and explain their functions
o Distinguish among xylem and phloem in terms of their functions
o Distinguish among primary growth and secondary growth.
o Distinguish among a taproot and fibrous root
o Explain what the endodermis is
§ Explain the role of the Casparian strip (keeps water and mineral moving one-way)
o Identify the process through which minerals from the soil move into roots
o Explain how a stomata functions
§ Identify what it lets enter and what it allows to leave
§ Explain when it would be open and when it would be closed
§ Explain what the guard cells do
o Explain what capillary action is
Hints on test day:
Read ALL directions
Use a # 2 pencil
Start studying now
Bring something to do quietly after the test – there is no talking during test day