Peroxisomes
¨ named for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) they produce when breaking down alcohol and killing bacteria
Glyoxysomes
Endosome
Protein Synthesis
- ______are assembled by ______on the ______
- ______carry proteins from the ______to the ______
- ______are modified in the ______and enter the new vesicle.
- Some ______release their protein outside the cell.
- Other vesicles remain in the cell and become ______and other vesicles.
Cytoskeleton
¨ network of thin ______and ______that crisscrosses the cytosol
¨ acts as a system of ______on which items move around inside the cell
Microtubules
¨ radiate outward from central point - ______
¨ hold ______in place, maintains ______and act as ______that guide organelles as they move within the cell.
Microfilaments
¨ ______and are linked end to end and wrapped around each other like 2 strands of rope
¨ ie. Crawling white blood cells and contraction of muscles cells
Intermediate Filaments
¨ ______that anchor the ______to their place in the cell
¨ ______cells produce ______that make up most of the hair shaft
Cilia and Flagella
¨ ______structures that extend from the surface of a cell, where they assist in movement
¨ have a ______on their outer surface and an internal structure of 9 pairs of microtubules around 2 central tubules
¨ Examples
o Cilia:
§ inner ear vibrates –
§ covers the surface of many protists –
o Flagella:
§ propel themselves -
Centrioles
¨ 2 short ______at right angles to each other and situated in cytoplasm near nuclear envelope
¨ ______: organize microtubules of cytoskeleton during cell division
Plant Cells
¨ have THREE additional structures that are extremely important to plant functions:
Why are there different structures?
¨ Plants ______molecules directly from carbon taken in from the environment
¨ Takes in ______and ______and converts it into ______
Cell Wall
o ______- made directly on surface of plasma membrane by enzymes that travel along membrane and are guided by microtubules
¨ there are two walls:
o the secondary wall is when ______the wall between membrane and primary wall
§ it’s very strong and no longer expands
§ ie. Wood in desks are made from billions of secondary wall cells that have died and have disintegrated inside
Central Vacuole
¨ ______not only H2O but enzymes, metabolic waste, and other materials
¨ when H2O is plentiful, vacuole fills up, cell expands causing the plant to stand up right
¨ during a dry period, vacuole loses H2O, the cell shrinks, vacuole shrinks, and plant wilts
¨ other vacuoles store ______
Plastids
Chloroplasts
o thylakoids contain green pigments – chlorophyll
o ______- main molecule absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell
¨ like ______, scientists believe chloroplasts are thought to be descendents of ancient, prokaryotic cells that were incorporated into plant cells through a process called endosymbiosis
Chromoplasts
o ie. Carrot root cells –
o ie. Flower petals –
Amyloplasts
Leucoplasts
Comparing Cells
¨ Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes
¨ Plant Cells VS Animal Cells