Supplementary Materials
Table S1. Average plot size of barley, wheat, tef, maize/ sorghum and pulses crops computed considering all of the farmers for each group of populations considered (by Districts and altitude classes within seasons).
Season / District / Altitude classes (m a.s.l.) / Barley / Wheat / Tef / Maize/Sorghum / PulsesBelg / Ankober / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.30 / 0.15 / - / 0.01 / 0.03
2501 - 3000 / 0.26 / 0.03 / - / - / 0.03
3001 - 3005 / 0.44 / 0.01 / - / - / 0.04
Total / 0.34 / 0.06 / - / 0.003 / 0.04
Mojanawadera / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / - / - / - / - / -
2501 - 3000 / 0.20 / 0.04 / - / - / 0.01
3001 - 3005 / 0.42 / - / - / - / -
Total / 0.29 / 0.02 / - / - / 0.01
Tarmaber / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.21 / 0.23 / 0.30 / 0.11 / 0.07
2501 - 3000 / 0.43 / 0.09 / 0.02 / - / 0.08
3001 - 3005 / 0.16 / - / - / - / -
Total / 0.36 / 0.12 / 0.09 / 0.03 / 0.07
Meher / Ankober / 1500 - 2000 / 0.05 / 0.06 / 0.28 / 0.25 / 0.05
2001 - 2500 / 0.11 / 0.10 / 0.03 / - / 0.14
2501 - 3000 / 0.22 / - / - / - / 0.04
3001 - 3005 / 0.23 / - / - / - / 0.10
Total / 0.14 / 0.05 / 0.08 / 0.07 / 0.09
Mojanawadera / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.09 / 0.10 / 0.04 / - / 0.05
2501 - 3000 / 0.16 / 0.12 / - / - / 0.10
3001 - 3005 / 0.12 / 0.08 / - / - / -
Total / 0.14 / 0.11 / 0.01 / - / 0.07
Tarmaber / 1500 - 2000 / 0.03 / - / 0.42 / 0.25 / 0.04
2001 - 2500 / 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.51 / 0.12 / 0.04
2501 - 3000 / 0.10 / 0.09 / - / - / 0.15
3001 - 3005 / - / - / - / - / -
Total / 0.06 / 0.05 / 0.28 / 0.09 / 0.09
Table S2. Average plot size of barley, wheat, tef, maize/ sorghum and pulses crops computed considering all of the farmers for each group of populations considered (by Districts and altitude classes).
Ankober / 1500 - 2000 / 0.05 / 0.06 / 0.28 / 0.25 / 0.05
2001 - 2500 / 0.19 / 0.12 / 0.01 / 0.004 / 0.09
2501 - 3000 / 0.25 / 0.02 / - / - / 0.04
3001 - 3005 / 0.34 / 0.01 / - / - / 0.07
Total / 0.23 / 0.05 / 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.07
Mojanawadera / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.09 / 0.10 / 0.04 / - / 0.05
2501 - 3000 / 0.18 / 0.08 / - / - / 0.06
3001 - 3005 / 0.34 / 0.02 / - / - / -
Total / 0.21 / 0.07 / 0.01 / - / 0.04
Tarmaber / 1500 - 2000 / 0.03 / - / 0.42 / 0.25 / 0.04
2001 - 2500 / 0.11 / 0.12 / 0.41 / 0.12 / 0.05
2501 - 3000 / 0.33 / 0.09 / 0.02 / - / 0.10
3001 - 3005 / 0.16 / - / - / - / -
Total / 0.24 / 0.09 / 0.17 / 0.05 / 0.08
Table S3. Types and frequencies (%) of each of the eight qualitative traits in the collection, overall, and across seasons, altitude classes, and Districts.
For characters and character states, the International Biodiversity barley descriptors (1994) have been considered (the number before each state represents the state code). The class ‘intermediate’ has been collapsed into the ‘lax’ class.
Trait / *Types / Overallcollection / Season / Altitude classe / District
Belg / Meher / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / Ankober / Mojanawadera / Tarmaber
KRN / 1 / 0.3 / 0.1 / 0.4 / 1.6 / 0.5 / 0.0 / 0.2 / 0.3 / 0.4 / 0.1
2 / 4.1 / 3.1 / 5.2 / 3.1 / 12.7 / 0.5 / 1.0 / 6.8 / 2.6 / 3.0
3 / 49.5 / 48.4 / 50.7 / 61.7 / 39.0 / 52.9 / 52.8 / 46.9 / 50.3 / 52.2
5 / 46.1 / 48.4 / 43.7 / 33.6 / 47.7 / 46.6 / 46.1 / 46.0 / 46.8 / 44.7
(SD)a / 1 / 85.9 / 87.1 / 84.6 / 76.2 / 75.3 / 91.5 / 90.4 / 86.5 / 89.7 / 83.6
3 / 14.1 / 12.9 / 15.4 / 23.8 / 24.7 / 8.5 / 9.6 / 13.5 / 10.3 / 16.4
(LAB) / 1 / 0.9 / 0.1 / 1.8 / 0.6 / 0.2 / 0.0 / 4.4 / 2.8 / 0.0 / 0.0
2 / 5.5 / 5.6 / 5.4 / 2.2 / 4.8 / 5.5 / 7.5 / 6.0 / 4.5 / 5.4
3 / 93.6 / 94.3 / 92.8 / 97.2 / 95.0 / 94.5 / 88.1 / 91.2 / 95.5 / 94.6
(GC) / 1 / 86.9 / 83.4 / 90.5 / 98.7 / 92.8 / 82.0 / 86.5 / 86.7 / 87.0 / 86.5
2 / 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.2 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.1 / 1.2 / 0.7 / 0.2 / 0.2
3 / 10.5 / 13.4 / 7.4 / 0.4 / 3.5 / 15.5 / 11.3 / 8.8 / 11.5 / 11.6
4 / 2.3 / 2.7 / 1.9 / 0.6 / 3.4 / 2.5 / 1.0 / 3.9 / 1.4 / 1.8
(LT) / 1 / 43.2 / 46.0 / 40.2 / 27.3 / 37.0 / 49.3 / 42.0 / 42.9 / 45.4 / 41.0
2 / 56.4 / 53.4 / 59.5 / 72.2 / 62.6 / 50.1 / 57.8 / 56.9 / 54.2 / 58.1
3 / 0.5 / 0.6 / 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.1 / 0.2 / 0.4 / 0.8
(LRH) / 1 / 94.1 / 95.8 / 92.5 / 86.4 / 91.7 / 95.6 / 96.4 / 94.8 / 95.3 / 92.8
2 / 5.9 / 4.3 / 7.5 / 13.6 / 8.3 / 4.4 / 3.6 / 5.2 / 4.7 / 7.2
(KC) / 1 / 0.0 / 0.1 / 0.0 / 0.1 / 0.0 / 0.0 / 0.1 / 0.0 / 0.1 / 0.0
2 / 0.1 / 0.2 / 0.1 / 0.3 / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.1 / 0.2 / 0.1 / 0.1
3 / 99.8 / 99.8 / 99.9 / 99.6 / 99.9 / 99.9 / 99.7 / 99.7 / 99.8 / 99.9
(LC) / 1 / 48.9 / 46.2 / 51.7 / 74.3 / 69.4 / 33.9 / 47.4 / 54.8 / 37.9 / 49.6
2 / 15.7 / 15.5 / 15.9 / 2.2 / 5.6 / 24.7 / 13.2 / 11.0 / 19.6 / 17.7
3 / 5.6 / 7.0 / 4.1 / 0.4 / 3.7 / 6.9 / 6.7 / 5.7 / 7.6 / 4.1
4 / 24.6 / 25.1 / 24.0 / 17.7 / 17.3 / 30.8 / 22.3 / 24.1 / 27.1 / 24.3
5 / 4.9 / 5.8 / 4.0 / 4.5 / 4.0 / 3.2 / 10.1 / 4.2 / 7.1 / 4.1
6 / 0.4 / 0.5 / 0.3 / 0.9 / 0.1 / 0.6 / 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.8 / 0.3
Table S4. Results of the correlation analyses between the morphological diversity of each field (H), altitude, plot size of barley, wheat, tef, maize/ sorghum and pulse crops, farm crop richness (CR), and farm crop diversity (CD), overall, by seasons and Districts. Sample size (n), Pearson’s coefficient (r), and P values are given. P values were calculated both for the Pearson’s r (parametric test) and for Sperman Rho (non-parametric test): when the two tests gave the same significance level only one level is reported, otherwise both levels are reported (-/-) , the first for the Pearson r, and the second for the Sperman’s Rho.
Pairwise Correlations / Overall / Season / DistrictBelg / Meher / Ankober / Mojanawadera / Tarmaber
Variable / by Variable / n / r / P / n / r / P / n / r / P / n / r / P / r / n / P / r / n / P
H / Altitude / 106 / 0.29 / **/* / 54 / -0.07 / ns / 52 / 0.37 / **/* / 36 / 0.43 / ** / 0.53 / 32 / ** / 0.10 / 38 / ns
H / Barley / 101 / 0.37 / *** / 50 / 0.10 / ns / 51 / 0.34 / */ns / 35 / 0.45 / ** / 0.40 / 32 / */** / 0.29 / 34 / ns
H / Wheat / 101 / 0.05 / ns / 50 / 0.07 / ns / 51 / 0.01 / Ns / 35 / -0.14 / ns / -0.12 / 32 / ns / 0.19 / 34 / ns
H / Teff / 101 / -0.05 / ns/** / 50 / 0.27 / ns / 51 / -0.14 / ns/* / 35 / -0.28 / ns/* / -0.53 / 32 / **/* / -0.08 / 34 / ns
H / Maize/sorghum / 101 / -0.16 / ns / 50 / 0.32 / */ns / 51 / -0.25 / ns/* / 35 / -0.22 / ns / - / - / - / -0.25 / 34 / ns
H / Pulses / 101 / 0.10 / ns / 50 / 0.21 / ns / 51 / 0.16 / Ns / 35 / 0.14 / ns / -0.15 / 32 / ns/* / 0.15 / 34 / ns
H / CR / 101 / -0.26 / **/* / 50 / 0.18 / ns / 51 / -0.32 / */** / 35 / -0.19 / ns / -0.54 / 32 / ** / -0.16 / 34 / ns
H / CD / 101 / -0.22 / */* / 50 / 0.10 / ns / 51 / -0.28 / */** / 35 / -0.20 / ns / -0.44 / 32 / */** / -0.09 / 34 / ns
Barley / Altitude / 101 / 0.46 / *** / 50 / 0.34 / * / 51 / 0.45 / *** / 35 / 0.45 / ** / 0.43 / 32 / */** / 0.59 / 34 / ***
Wheat / Altitude / 101 / -0.16 / ns/** / 50 / -0.38 / **/*** / 51 / -0.01 / Ns / 35 / -0.45 / **/*** / -0.32 / 32 / ns/** / 0.06 / 34 / ns
Tef / Altitude / 101 / -0.57 / *** / 50 / -0.47 / ***/** / 51 / -0.59 / *** / 35 / -0.56 / *** / -0.71 / 32 / *** / -0.71 / 34 / ***
Maize/sorghum / Altitude / 101 / -0.53 / *** / 50 / -0.55 / ***/** / 51 / -0.51 / *** / 35 / -0.52 / ** / - / - / - / -0.60 / 34 / ***
Pulses / Altitude / 101 / 0.03 / ns / 50 / -0.02 / ns / 51 / 0.18 / Ns / 35 / -0.02 / ns / -0.04 / 32 / ns / 0.19 / 34 / ns
CR / Altitude / 101 / -0.54 / *** / 50 / -0.52 / *** / 51 / -0.46 / *** / 35 / -0.54 / ***/** / -0.54 / 32 / ** / -0.54 / 34 / ***
CD / Altitude / 101 / -0.36 / *** / 50 / -0.58 / *** / 51 / -0.09 / Ns / 35 / -0.38 / */** / -0.41 / 32 / * / -0.36 / 34 / */**
Barley / Wheat / 101 / 0.09 / ns / 50 / 0.18 / ns / 51 / -0.09 / Ns / 35 / -0.14 / ns / -0.29 / 32 / ns/* / 0.34 / 34 / ns
Barley / Tef / 101 / -0.32 / ** / 50 / -0.24 / ns/* / 51 / -0.33 / */*** / 35 / -0.34 / */*** / -0.34 / 32 / ns/*** / -0.45 / 34 / **/***
Barley / Maize/sorghum / 101 / -0.27 / **/*** / 50 / -0.26 / ns / 51 / -0.26 / ns/** / 35 / -0.33 / ns/** / - / - / - / -0.35 / 34 / *
Barley / Pulses / 101 / 0.05 / ns / 50 / 0.31 / */ns / 51 / 0.02 / ns / 35 / -0.10 / ns / -0.18 / 32 / ns/* / 0.23 / 34 / ns
Wheat / Tef / 101 / -0.08 / ns / 50 / 0.00 / ns / 51 / -0.18 / ns / 35 / 0.14 / ns/* / 0.19 / 32 / ns / -0.21 / 34 / ns
Wheat / Maize/sorghum / 101 / -0.08 / ns / 50 / 0.05 / ns / 51 / -0.17 / ns / 35 / 0.03 / ns/* / - / - / - / -0.17 / 34 / ns
Wheat / Pulses / 101 / 0.40 / ***/** / 50 / 0.62 / ***/* / 51 / 0.09 / ns / 35 / 0.12 / ns / 0.22 / 32 / ns/* / 0.55 / 34 / ***/ns
Tef / Maize/sorghum / 101 / 0.72 / *** / 50 / 0.88 / *** / 51 / 0.70 / *** / 35 / 0.76 / *** / - / - / - / 0.76 / 34 / ***
Tef / Pulses / 101 / -0.10 / ns / 50 / -0.08 / ns / 51 / -0.19 / ns / 35 / -0.10 / ns / 0.16 / 32 / ns / -0.19 / 34 / */ns
Maize/sorghum / Pulses / 101 / -0.00 / ns / 50 / 0.01 / ns / 51 / -0.06 / ns / 35 / 0.01 / ns / - / - / - / -0.06 / 34 / ns
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
ns, not significant
Table S5. Correlation (Pearson’s r) among the diversity index (H) values of the eight qualitative traits. KRN, kernel row number; SD, spike density; LAB, lemma awn barb; GC, glume colour; LT, lemma type; LRH, length of rachilla hair; KC, kernel covering, LC, lemma colour.
KRN / 0.22* / 0.05 / -0.22* / 0.04 / 0.06 / -0.08 / -0.13
SD / -0.162 / -0.47** / 0.02 / 0.36** / -0.10 / -0.33**
LAB / 0.18 / 0.08 / 0.00 / 0.27** / -0.09
GC / -0.01 / -0.32** / 0.20 / 0.26**
LT / -0.01 / 0.01 / 0.00
LRH / -0.05 / -0.21*
KC / 0.03
*P<0.05; **P<0.01.
Table S6. Average within-field diversity (HS, Nei 1978), total diversity (HT, Nei 1978) and differentiation (FST) for each group of populations considered (by Districts and altitude classes within seasons). Significance levels for FST or FCT were calculated using 10,000 permutations; difference among samples for the average HS was tested using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test.
Belg / Ankober / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.21 / 0.25 / 0.20
2501 - 3000 / 0.24 / 0.29 / 0.20
3001 - 3005 / 0.24 / 0.30 / 0.21
Total / 0.23 / 0.31 / 0.26***
Mojanawadera / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / - / - / -
2501 - 3000 / 0.23 / 0.25 / 0.10
3001 - 3005 / 0.26 / 0.29 / 0.14
Total / 0.24 / 0.28 / 0.15***
Tarmaber / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.29 / 0.31 / 0.10
2501 - 3000 / 0.24 / 0.30 / 0.20
3001 - 3005 / - / Note1 / -
Total / 0.25 / 0.32 / 0.20***
Meher / Ankober / 1500 - 2000 / 0.17 / 0.19 / 0.16
2001 - 2500 / 0.17 / 0.23 / 0.27
2501 - 3000 / 0.22 / 0.26 / 0.16
3001 - 3005 / 0.23 / 0.27 / 0.16
Total / 0.20 / 0.27 / 0.27***
Mojanawadera / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / 0.17 / 0.25 / 0.37
2501 - 3000 / 0.21 / 0.24 / 0.11
3001 - 3005 / 0.24 / 0.25 / 0.05
Total / 0.20 / 0.26 / 0.23***
Tarmaber / 1500 - 2000 / 0.20 / 0.20 / 0.02
2001 - 2500 / 0.21 / 0.29 / 0.26
2501 - 3000 / 0.23 / 0.29 / 0.20
3001 - 3005 / 0.25 / 0.30 / 0.20
Total / 0.23 / 0.30 / 0.25***
Meher vs Belg
District / Altitude classes (m a.s.l.) / Δ Diversity (%) / FCT Belg/Meher
HS / HT
Ankober / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / -18.01 / -10.28 / 0.04ns
2501 - 3000 / -9.92 / -12.03 / 0.01ns
3001 - 3005 / -4.12 / -9.46 / 0.03*
Total / -15.88** / -13.64 / 0.03*
Mojanawadera / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / - / - / -
2501 - 3000 / -7.39 / -5.62 / 0.16
3001 - 3005 / -6.98 / -15.70 / -0.01ns
Total / -15.77** / -7.14 / 0.07**
Tarmaber / 1500 - 2000 / - / - / -
2001 - 2500 / -25.52 / -26.52 / 0.07**
2501 - 3000 / -3.32 / -3.68 / -0.01ns
3001 - 3005 / - / - / -
Total / -13.78* / -13.84 / 0.03*
*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ns, not significant.
1 note that in Belg: Tarmaber 3001-3500 (1), and in Meher: Tarmaber 1500-2000 Anokober 2501-3000 and Mohjanawadera 3001-3500 have low sample sizes (1, 2, 4, and 2 populations, respectively).
Table S7. Results of the correlation analyses between morphological diversity of each field (H), altitude, plot size of barley, wheat, tef, maize/ sorghum and pulses crops, farm crop richness (CR), and farm crop diversity (CD) by Districts among seasons. Sample size (n), Pearson’s coefficient (r), and P values are given. P values were calculated both for the Pearson’s r (parametric test) and for Sperman Rho (non-parametric test): when the two tests gave the same significance level only one level is reported, otherwise both levels are reported (-/-), the first for the Pearson r, and the second for the Sperman’s Rho.
Pairwise Correlations / Belg season / Meher seasonAnkober / Mojanawadera / Tarmaber / Ankober / Mojanawadera / Tarmaber
Variable / by Variable / r / n / P / r / n / P / r / n / P / r / n / P / r / n / P / r / n / P
H / Altitude / 0.20 / 16 / ns / 0.42 / 14 / ns / -0.31 / 24 / ns / 0.44 / 20 / ns/* / 0.48 / 18 / */ns / 0.31 / 14 / ns
H / Barley / 0.06 / 16 / ns / 0.35 / 14 / ns / -0.01 / 20 / ns / 0.62 / 19 / **/* / 0.16 / 18 / ns / 0.10 / 14 / ns
H / wheat / -0.19 / 16 / ns / 0.15 / 14 / ns / 0.09 / 20 / ns / -0.17 / 19 / ns / 0.13 / 18 / ns / 0.24 / 14 / ns
H / Teff / 0.36 / 20 / ns / -0.26 / 19 / ns / -0.56 / 18 / */ns / -0.34 / 14 / ns
H / Maize/sorghum / -0.34 / 16 / ns / 0.48 / 20 / */ns / -0.17 / 19 / ns / -0.74 / 14 / **/***
H / Pulses / 0.29 / 16 / ns / 0.08 / 14 / ns / 0.20 / 20 / ns / 0.233 / 19 / ns / 0.04 / 18 / ns / 0.17 / 14 / ns