Bibliographical quotations
Introduction
If you are writing a specialised text (book, magazine article, contribution at a conference, research paper, dissertation), you must comply with certain principles and usages that are stipulated by, for example, the publisher, university, etc. This involves the formal arrangement and articulation of your own text, provision of images, annotations, and abstracts, statement of the list of literature quoted and used for the presented topic (in printed and electronic form). For these purposes there are quotation standards that unify the above-mentioned principles, or instructions of publishers that respect usages in the given field or magazine. These principles are then usually stated in instructions for authors in preparing manuscripts, in specific magazines, or they can be found on the websites of publishers: information for authors, draft standard, draft recommended practice, style guide, style format, reference formats, quotations, quotation guides, notice to contributors.
Why quote in a specialised text
Writing a specialised text generally requires the stating of books, articles, or other documents from which, during your work, lifted – you borrowed a quotation of a specific selected passage (copyright law) or use of an author's ideas as the basis for your own argument, your own conclusions. So why note citations:
citing bibliographical quotations is a source of information for the reader, reviewer, opponent of the document; the author demonstrates his or her own knowledge of the researched topic;
identification and reverse search of the document;
the source of a possible reference to another work of literature;
adherence to authorship ethics (and copyright law);
creation of so-called hidden bibliographies.
Quotation standard
The rules for citing in a list of literature used and references in a text are governed by the internationally valid “quotation standard”:
ČSN ISO 690 - ČSN ISO 690 Bibliographical quotation. Content, form, and structure (effective from 1 December 1996)
- this contains the rules for writing and referring to bibliographical quotations of monographic publications and parts thereof, magazine (serial) articles, contributions to monographs (e.g., of miscellany from conferences), and patent documents.
ČSN ISO 690-2 Bibliographical quotations. Part 2: Electronic documents or parts thereof (effective from
1 February 2000)
- this stipulates the methods for citing electronic monographs, databases, and computer programmes and parts thereof, electronic serial publications (magazines) and parts thereof (articles), electronic notices, discussion fora and electronic reports, and both for electronic publications and on relevant media (CD ROM, disk) and also for online documents, for which it is still necessary to state accessibility in a computer network. .
The standard stipulates:
general rules for writing data of bibliographical quotations (author, title, publication, …)
formal arrangement and structure of quotations (in what order and in what form they are written)
mandatory and optional data
arrangement of list of bibliographical quotations and methods for references
Besides these international standards there are other rules, instructions, or recommendations (quotation styles) for processing bibliographical quotations. Some fields, magazines, and publishers do not respect, for quotation purposes, the ČSN ISO 690 standard, but rather have their own rules. The reasons for this vary – e.g., the traditions of the given magazine. You can encounter different rules for citing in magazines, for example, published by the American Psychological Association - < Modern Language Association -
General quotation principles
• good layout and simplicity of data
• precision (recording quotations in several ways, select one for the given work and adhere to and maintain it for all quotations)
• completeness (multiple data entries for reverse identification – imprecision of borrowed quotations)
• use of primary sources (citing data only from the publications that we had available)
• do not abbreviate words contained in data about cited publication (ČSN ISO 4. Information and documentation: rules for abbreviating words from names and document titles)
• the principle of preserving orthographical standards for the given language (for foreign-language literature)
• the principle of preserving the language of the book (well arranged data in the title, author, publication - 1st edition, 2nd ed., 320 p (pages), 320 s. (Seiten), names of publishers)
• omission of missing data (if errors, we omit them and continue with the next datum)
Errors in citing
• citing a work that the author did not use (saving the capacities of a field, although it is unrelated to the work)
• not citing a work that the author used (greater misconduct not to cite because of antipathy toward the author)
• citing one's own works regardless of the given topic (so-called self-citation – the author, who already wrote something, wants to promote his or her work and thus lists it in the citation, even though it has no connection to the topic of the work)
• imprecise citation that does not allow identification of the work (we cite in such a way that it is possible to reverse search for the document; if we borrow the quotation there is a heightened risk of error, or the intent that it will be impossible to search for the document)
Where we take data for citing from
The source of data for a bibliographical quotation is the primary document, e.g., the book that we have at hand. What needs to be known – information that characterises the publication (structure), where the data were drawn from (sources), and how to record it (standard)
Sources of information in the quotation – title page (+ reverse page of the title page), colophon, paging (number of pages, determine pages in the book in the heading or the footing of the book)
The structure of the bibliographical quotation (e.g., monograph) appears as follows:
Information about the author (LAST NAME, Given name). Title information (Title: subtitle). Sequence of publication. Information on the publisher (Place of publication: publisher), year of publication.
Length (number of pages). ISBN (ISSN) (international number of book/magazine).
Mandatory data vs optional data (secondary responsibility, edition)
Punctuation differs in individual parts of the quotation, unfinished in individual types of documents.
Data – minus sign – gap – longer information (the gap is written only after a minus sign).
After each subtraction of a field we begin with a capital letter.
Use of quotations in practice
- Bibliography (list of sources used) – various types of documents (monograph, article, www).
- References in a specialised text – various methods (numerical, of first element and data, notes)
1. Bibliography (list of sources used)
• placed at the end of a specialised text (list of used or recommended literature, called a hidden bibliography = is “hidden” in monographs, dissertations, ...)
• the contents are individual bibliographical notes, arrangement of the bibliographical quotations, and methods for references
• inclusion in the list: alphabetically according to authors or titles, temporal according to year of publication, or numerical according to the order of the references in the text
• the formal arrangement is given in the ČSN ISO 690 standard, Bibliographical quotation
• intended for authors and editors for processing quotations of both printed and electronic documents
Citing individual types of documents
Monograph (book)
LAST NAME, Name. Title of book: subtitle. Publication. Place of publication: Name of publisher, year of publication. Number of pages. ISBN.
KOSEK, Jiří. Html - tvorba dokonalých stránek: podrobný průvodce. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada, 1998. 291 s. ISBN
80-7169-608-0.
HAUGELAND, John. Artifical intelligence: the very idea. 3rd printing, 1987. Cambridge (Massachusetts):
MIT Press; London: Bradford Book, c1985. ISBN 0-262-08153-9.
Dissertation
PŘÍJMENÍ, Jméno. Title:subtitle (= type of work). Place of publication: Name of university, or faculty, year of publication. Number of pages, number of attachments. Dissertation adviser
BILAVČÍKOVÁ, Jana. Projektové vyučování ve vlastivědě: diplomová práce. Brno: Masarykova univerzita,
Fakulta pedagogická, 1999. 97 l., 25 l. příl. Dissertation adviser: Miloslava Machalová.
Serial (magazine)
Title. Place of publication: Name of publisher, year of publication (from-to), year (from-to). Standard number (ISSN).
(magazine as a whole) CHIP: magazín informačních technologií. Praha: Vogel, 1990- . Published monthly. ISSN 1210-0684 (entire year)
(one issue) CHIP: magazín informačních technologií. Č. 12 (prosinec 1999). Praha: Vogel, 1999. Published monthly ISSN 1210-0684.
Article in magazine
Author. Title of article. Title of magazine, year of publication, year, issue number, pages from-to.
VAN DER VET, P. E. - MARS N. J. I. Condocet query engine: an engine for coordinated index terms. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. May 1999, vol. 42, no. 6, p. 485-492.
SMEJKAL, V. Proč nový zákon? CHIP: magazín informačních technologií. Č. 11 (November 1999), roč. 9, s. 54-55.
The ISO 690 standard also determines how to cite other types of documents. For example miscellany, contribution in a miscellany, research report, patent standard, corporate literature
Electronic documents
Specific information that is cited with electronic documents:
• type of medium in brackets after the name cited in the title of the cited document [online], [CD-ROM], [magnetic tape], [disk]
• edition, e.g., the version of the programme
• date of update/revision – stated together with date of publication
• date of quotation – stated in brackets in the language of the original for documents if the date of publication cannot be found; prior to the date of the quotation the abbreviation "cit." is used (e.g., thus: [cit. 1998-08-25])
• data on availability (URL) "Available from," "Available until," including the access protocol
(Available from WWW, URL between < > () symbols.
WWW site
Name of the author of the page (if stated). Title of page [online]. Date of publication, date of last revision [cited on]. <URL address>.
DAVIS, John. Suiseki FAQ [online]. c1997, last revision 20 January 1998 [cit. 1998-06-13]. Available at:
<
Ready to print organizer [online]. c1997, last revision 20 January1998 [cit.1999-12-05] Available at: <
Electronic magazine – serial publication, article
Primary responsibility. Title of work. Title of serial [Type of medium]. Data on publication [date of quotation]. Access to source. Standard number.
Ikaros [online]. 1999, roč. 3, č. 10 [cit. 1999-12-31]. Dostupné z: <
Journal of Electronic Publishing (JEP) [online]. Dec 1999, vol. 5, issue 2. [cit. 1999-12-31]. Available at:
< ISSN 1080-2711.
Standard ISO 690-2 governs how to cite other types of documents.
Other types of electronic documents can include, e.g., electronic bulletin boards, discussion fora, news, monographs, programmes, database, FTP archive, telnet page
2. References to quotations in specialised text
In a text such as a dissertation we refer to the document from which we cite a part of the text, ideas, or conclusions.
In the text of our work we can state the quotation word for word (a text in a foreign language is written in our work identically, word for word) or freely, with our own version of the foreign text – in the form of a paraphrase.
The reference in the text serves in identifying the document – or a part thereof. The reference is placed in the text or is stated in a footnote (at the end of the chapter, at the end of the text), and the correspondence between the reference in the text and the bibliographical quotation must be ensured.
The placement of the quotation can be under the bottom line on the page on which the reference is found; at the end of the chapter; at the end of the document – the more usual method, also required in dissertations (an advantage is the concentration of all quotations in one place). Combining the two methods means stating the quotation as a footnote and also in the entire list at the end of the work. Customary marking of a page with quotations is: Literature, List of Bibliographical Quotations, or Sources Used (includes all types of documents including electronic). Quotations are arranged alphabetically (first, names with number at the beginning, then letters). In the case of multiple works by the same author we list the works according to years of publication –
the newest works are listed first.
The methods below are used for writing references in the text:
1. Notes method
In individual documents we mark notes with numbers and quotations separately in footnotes.
Notes can be numbered either on an ongoing basis throughout the entire document or the notes can begin from the number 1 on each page (all references are then stated in footnotes on the same page).
Example
. . .this procedure is set in JACSÓ 2 and by several other authors such as TENOPIR 3 . . .
The footnotes appear as follows:
2 JACSÓ, Peter. Errors of Omission. Online & CD-ROM Review , October 1999, vol. 23, no. 5, s. 20–25.
3 TENOPIR, Carol. Electronic Access to Periodicals. Library Journal , 1993, vol. 118, iss. 4, s. 54–55.
2. Numbered quotation method
Individual documents are numbered according to the order in which they appear in the list of quotations. In the event that one of them is cited more than once, it is repeated under the same number.
Example
... As TENOPIR (33) says, this issue is relatively voluminous . . . colleague JACSÓ adds to the research in his own study (3) . . . which was based on the work of Tenopir (33). . .
In the list of quotations the notes appear as follows:
3 . JACSÓ, Peter. Errors of Omission. Online & CD-ROM Review, October 1999, vol. 23, no. 5, pp.20–25.
4.
. . .
32.
33 . TENOPIR, Carol. Electronic Access to Periodicals. Library Journal , 1993, vol.118, iss. 4, pp 54–55.
3. First element and date method
In the text the identification part is marked, under which the document can be found in the bibliographical list at the end of the document, together with the year of publication in parentheses. The identification parts are generally the names of the authors.
Example
. . . as PAGELL (1993) states . . . users no longer think that the chance to get a list of bibliographical quotations is a wonderful thing and the chance to get a summary of the article is no miracle, but rather a misfortune. Users want the full text, immediately.
In the list of quotations the note appears as follows:
PAGELL, Ruth. 1993. Reaching for the Bottle, Not The Glass: The End-User Factor of Electronic Full Text. Database ,
October 1993, vol. 16, no. 5, pp 52–54.
In the event that the author wrote more than one work in the given year, after the year of publication the distinction is marked with small letters, alphabetically (a-z).
Example
. . . this tendency was first pointed out by TENOPIR (1993a), who bases her claim with the conclusions of another study TENOPIR (1993b) .
. .
Notes appear as follows in the list of quotations:
TENOPIR, Carol. 1993a. Electronic Access to Periodicals. Library Journal , 1993, vol. 118, iss. 4, pp 54–55.
TENOPIR, Carol. 1993b. Moving Toward Quality. Library Journal , 1993, vol. 118, iss. 10, pp 86–88.
Another illustration of the examples can be found in ISO 690:1987, Clause 9: Citations, 9.l: Relationship between references and text citations
Quotations and connexions
Every active, publishing scientist should be able to discover what the most-cited authorities in a field are, how his or her work is accepted by colleagues, who has cited him or her, and which magazines are among the so-called impacted = influenced. This information is available in two databases that use the principle of quotations, and at Masaryk University it is available for users:
1. Quotation registers - Web of Science – unified sources from which it is possible to determine how often a publication has been cited. This consists of lists or databases that contain data (numerical values) on authors cited and the titles of works (articles) that are cited and in which they are cited.
(begun in the 60s, currently used as a source of quotation analysis and verification of cited publications)
The only global, comprehensive source, quotation registers from the entire spectrum of science are being built by ISI – Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, USA. <
Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index,
BioSciences Citation Index, Chem Sciences Citation Index, Clinical Medicine Citation Index.
Web of Science (www form of quotation registers in all the lines above).
The database has global reach, but the selection of magazines (articles and authors) is very strict. If, for example, a Czech magazine is included in the database, it must meet the basic conditions – be of regular periodicity, uphold publication standards, contain abstracts of articles in English, contain reviews, go through editors and ISI experts through analysis of the level of the magazine's content, a quotation analysis of contributors to the magazine …
2. Journal Citation Reports (JCR – this allows the most varied analyses, statistics of global scientific magazines. We can determine the significant indicators of a magazine's “prestige,” for example:
• impact factor (influence factor). Of the stated indicators this one is used the most frequently. It indicates numbers, the frequency with which the average article is cited in a certain magazine over the last 2 years. The value of the indicator is obtained by averaging the total number of quotations gained (e.g., in 2005) with the number of all articles published in the magazine in the previous 2 years (e.g., 2004, 2003).
• immediacy index. This indicates how quickly the average article in the magazine is cited. It is used for comparing the speed of quotation of certain titles in magazines. For example, it can be of great service when monitoring narrowly specialised research, innovative procedures, and developmental trends in research. The indicator's value is based on the ratio of the total number of quotations gained to the number of all articles during the current year.
• cited half-life. This indicates how long after articles are printed in the magazine it takes for articles to be cited. It shows after how many years 50% of the quotations of a certain article appear. This value is stated only for the most-cited magazines in order to gain a sufficiently indicative value. (Only for magazines that have been cited 100 times or more.)
Quotation analysis – this makes it possible to evaluate, based on quotations, magazines, authors, and publishers.
MU has pre-paid access to both databases until the end of 2008. More at: <
Authorial ethics, copyright law
Authorial ethics is the moral principle, the set of rules, with which authors should comply when publishing texts (to publish only true information, not to publish the same results repeatedly, not to appropriate the thoughts and ideas of others, to thoroughly cite other authors when drawing on their works).
Authorial ethics is the legal document that governs copyrights and determines contracts on the dissemination of a work (publication, public operation, borrowing, etc.), duration of rights, rights of performance artists and producers of recordings – the copyright law.
Law No. 121/2000 Sb, the Copyright Law, on rights associated with copyright and on the amendment of several other laws. It governs and ensures copyrights and protection of authors (copyright ©- begins on the day of the creation=completion of a work) and determines contracts on dissemination of the work (publication, public operation, borrowing, etc.), determines the duration of rights, rights of performance artists and producers of audio recordings. It relates to works that are the result of creative activity of an author (literary, theatrical, musical, artistic including architecture and applied art, film, photography, cartography, and, under certain conditions, computer programmes. A copyright is not transferrable, applies for the lifetime of the author and another 70 years following his or her death, and it is possible to trade with it based on licensing contracts (Office of Intellectual Property). Copying scientific and artistic works is possible only for one's own use (for a study, for one's own reading), and in no way for commercial purposes.