Daniel Zinrák, S6
Essay:
Capital Punishment. Argumentation for and against.
Capital punishment is one of the most disputable problems of our age. In many states of the world it has been abolished, but many countries are still executing. It has been abused many times for political aims, as the means of revenge like a judicial murder. But on the other hand, it often strikes serious felons. In this essay I would like to sum up the history of death penalty, current legal situation in the United Kingdom and the United States. I would like also to bring my opinion of capital punishment.
History and scriptural view
In ancient sources of law we can see hard physical penalties for minor offences. Executions for offences against property were also common. For example cases in the Code of Hammurabi are described where convicts were tortured, enslaved or punished to death. Also other ancient and medieval civilisations were cruel and the penalties were much harder than caused damages and harms.
The great exception is described in Bible. In the Law of Moses the rule of revenge was usedand many offences were punished by death (never offences against property). But in the New Testament Jesus said: “Do not resist an evil person...” (Matthew 5, 39) and “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you...” (Matthew 5, 44).
It may seem that Jesus got over capital punishment and many humanistic politicians are declaring so, but I have got the other opinion. The first mention about revenge of murder and in our terminology let’s say capital punishment is in 9th chapter of book Genesis verse 6: “Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed; ...”. These words are one of first that Lord has told to Noah after the flood, long time before Moses and his Law. I think that this provision does not belong to the Law of Moses, Jesus has not abolished it and it is still valid. I suppose that Lord gave us regulation to prosecute capital offences (murders only) by death penalty.
Reasons why people are against capital punishment are abusing and irreversible mistakes. Everyone knows cases where innocent people were sentenced to death, but I think that problem is application of punishment, not the punishment itself. I don’t want to reinstate the Law of Moses, but it has very useful provisions about witnesses. There shall be at least two witnesses who can testify the crime and these witnesses must participate on the execution (Deuteronomy 17, 6-7). It means that the guilt must be proven beyond all reasonable doubt.
The United Kingdom
Capital punishment in the United Kingdom has a long and sad history. Many people were sentenced to death for minor offences or for crimes that they had never committed. Also ways of executions were horrible. Hanging by the neck as form of capital punishment was introduced by the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th century. By the 10th century it had become a common method of execution.
Executions were public performances and corpses were displayed for a long time. The principal location in London for public executions was Tyburn, western suburb of London, and executions took place there for many centuries. Last person executed on Tyburn was on November 3, 1783. Other forms of executions were also horrible: boiling, burning alive, beheading with added punishment of drawing and quartering.
Offences that were punished by death are also absolutely unbelievable. There were about 220 different crimes that were punishable by death in 1810 by the law known as the “Bloody Code”. These crimes included such offences as "being in the company of gypsies for one month", "strong evidence of malice in a child aged 7-14 years of age" and "blacking the face or using a disguise whilst committing a crime" and also murder, treason, arson, burglary, and robbery. Also the number of executed people argues that capital punishment in the UK was used wrongly. Sources tell that under the reign of Henry VIII about 72,000 people were executed!
The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment decided that there was not a case for abolition but did recommended the end of public executions and this proposal was included in the Capital Punishment Act of 1868. Since then all executions have been carried out within prison walls. The practice of beheading and quartering was officially concluded in 1870. There was a great pressure to abolish capital punishment in the 20th century. Children and juveniles under age of 16 were executed till 1908. In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before Parliament. When the war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed. Campaigners for abolition were partially rewarded with the Homicide Act from 1957. There were only five categories of murder punishable by death. In 1965 the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act suspended the death penalty in England, Wales and Scotland for all crimes, except treason, piracy with violence, and certain crimes under the jurisdiction of the armed forces. Last executions in the UK took place on August 13, 1964.
The United States of America
The United States are one of the countries where are still executing and also capital punishment has many critics and many supporters.
American critics say that sentencing to death is unfair and racially biased. The South makes the widest application of the death penalty and Texas easily leads all other states in the number of executions carried out. The Negro criminals have also much bigger share on executions. More than 40% of death condemned in the USA are black but they are only the 12% of whole population. About 80% of death condemned are guilty of murder of white people, though the number of murders of white and black people is approximately the same.
Critics also pounce that capital punishment is barbarous and very painful. But they are not able to admit that victims were also suffering. The latest form of the death penalty, enacted into the law by more than 30 states, is lethal injection, first used in 1982 in Texas. The rest is using older and more painful modes like gas chamber, hanging, firing squad or electrocution.
In the 1950s and the 1960s public sentiment began to turn away from capital punishment and the number of executions dropped dramatically. But since 1980 the number of execution has increased. Today, 38 states and the federal government have re-instituted the death penalty but almost all the capital sentences in the United States have been imposed for homicide.
Summary
Critics of the capital punishment argue that there is a risk of executing an innocent person that legally taking the life is teaching others that killing is alright and that it is not place to take human's life for any reason. Supporters argue that it deters others from offence that it serves justice and that it rectifies memory of victims. Some orthodox Christians tell that the Bible says: "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” But I don’t think that they are right at all. Nobody is able to fulfil the Law of Moses and no one should punish the others in accordance with the Law. In my opinion, the capital punishment is penalty only for the capital offence given by the Lord a long time before Moses. Other offences might be punished according to human law (in our terminology criminal law) but not according to the Law of Moses.
To protect innocent people shall be testimony at least of two credible eyewitnesses who will participate on the execution. If the prosecutor has not conclusive evidence the capital punishment shall not be sentenced.