DDI 12 SS Disabilities Neg Dartmouth 2012
Andrew 1
DDI 12 SS Disabilities Neg
Strategy Sheet
1NC Options (Do not read all at the same time – pick and choose)
1NC T – Not Repair
Spending DA
Elections DA
States CP
World Bank CP
Cap K
Nietzsche K
Ethics K
Rhet
CX Questions:
Drimmer says:
“Congress enacted several laws which focused on people with disabilities. Most of these laws authorized services to help "cure" what are considered "ailments" within individuals who have disabilities in order to increase national production and decrease welfare spending. The few recent laws seeking to provide rights and remedies to people with disabilities have consistently failed to recognize them as complete citizens, acknowledging them only as "flawed" individuals not at fault for shortcomings that society must endure.”
People that have disabilities but can’t leave their house or move – do you provide access to them?
How is the aff not an example of providing right to people with disabilities to accommodate their “flaws”
Menand says:
Tetlock also has an unscientific point to make, which is that "we as a society would be better off if participants in policy debates stated their beliefs in testable forms"-that is, as probabilities-"monitored their forecasting performance, and honored their reputational bets." He thinks that we're suffering from our primitive attraction to deterministic, overconfident hedgehogs. It's true that the only thing the electronic media like better than a hedgehog is two hedgehogs who don't agree. Tetlock notes, sadly, a point that Richard Posner has made about these kinds of public intellectuals, which is that most of them are dealing in "solidarity" goods, not "credence" goods. Their analyses and predictions are tailored to make their ideological brethren feel good-more white swans for the white-swan camp. A prediction, in this context, is just an exclamation point added to an analysis. Liberals want to hear that whatever conservatives are up to is bound to go badly; when the argument gets more nuanced, they change the channel. On radio and television and the editorial page, the line between expertise and advocacy is very blurry, and pundits behave exactly the way Tetlock says they will. Bush Administration loyalists say that their predictions about postwar Iraq were correct, just a little off on timing; pro-invasion liberals who are now trying to dissociate themselves from an adventure gone bad insist that though they may have sounded a false alarm, they erred "in the right direction"-not really a mistake at all.
How are the impacts of our disad, which are based on empiricism, not a “testable form” of prediction?
People are oppressed because of their disabilities in other countries, how does the aff solve that?
“Congress has issued a message that people with disabilities do not deserve full citizenship or equal participation in the community and are merely tolerated when they [*1345] can become economic participants”
***Topicality***
1NC T – Infrastructure
Infrastructure Investment includes only the support for large infrastructure projects – repairs, maintenance, and minor projects aren’t topical
Chang, et. al. 10
(Diana Chang, Sheryl Pankhurst, Matthew Schneer, and Daniel Schreiner, Monitoring and State Improvement Planning Division Recovery Act Facilitators “MSIP ARRA Monitoring and Technical Assistance” leadershipmega-conf-reg.tadnet.org/.../original_S3-105-ARRA_Technical-RAF.ppt)
Financial support for a physical asset or structure needed for the operation of a larger enterprise. Therefore, infrastructure investments include support for tangible assets or structures such as roads, public buildings (including schools), mass transit systems, water and sewage systems, communication and utility systemsand other assets or structures that provide a reliable flow of products and services essential to the defense and economic security of the United States, the smooth functioning of government at all levels, and society as a whole. However, an infrastructure investment does not include “minor remodeling” as defined in 34 CFR §77.1(c).’
Vote negative for limits– they expand the topic by allowing affirmatives that alter or repair transportation instead of increasing it – that exponentially increase the size of the topic because all affs become multiplied into repair, altercations or new infrastructure affirmatives
At best that means they can’t solve their aff – they don’t change current transportation infrastructures oppression of the disabled
***World Bank CP***
1NC World Bank CP
CP Text: The World Bank should substantially increase its investment in Universal Design transportation infrastructure in the United States. The United States federal government will not participate in the funding for this investment.
The World Bank can fund Universal Design
Harold Snider, Adjunct Associate Professor and major activist for the disabled and Nazumi Takeda, education consultant to the World Bank, October 2008, “Design For All: Implications For Bank Operations”; AB
Universal design is defined as “the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without need for adaptation or specialized design.” While the concept emerged primarily with regard to disability issues, universal design strives to be a broad-spectrum solution that helps everyone, including elderly people, people with strollers, pregnant women, and children, in addition to people with disabilities. Its goal is to remove physical barriers and create a more inclusive environment. The purpose of this paper is to inform World Bank task team leaders about the benefits of universal design and to recommend ways in which universal design can be integrated as a component in projects of the World Bank. It presents the applications of universal design particularly in infrastructure with the focus on transport, urban development, water and sanitation, education, health, and ICT sectors, as well as post-conflict and natural disaster situations. Specific factors in projects such as procurement and evaluation criteria are not addressed in this context. There are compelling reasons for the World Bank to adopt universal design. First, the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which came into force in May 2008, has provisions for universal design. Article 2 of the CRPD defines universal design and Article 9 urges State Parties to enhance accessibility in physical environments. The convention includes a high proportion of developing countries and is expected to increase demand for Bank support for its implementation and for ensuring accessibility on Bank financed projects. Secondly, universal design is essential for inclusive development, a core component of the World Bank’s mission for poverty reduction and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Inclusive development recognizes diversity and aims at involving everybody into the development process. Universal design accommodates physical and sensory diversity among people. It promotes social inclusion of particularly those who have been traditionally marginalized due to their functional limitations, by enhancing access to essential services and economic opportunities. While the World Bank currently has no policy regarding design criteria for any of its projects, universal design could be adopted by the World Bank because it is the design concept which is most cost-effective, flexible, and inclusive. It is cost-effective because universal design requires additional costs of approximately one percent if incorporated from the outset of a project. On the other hand, not incorporating universal design can incur significant human and opportunity costs due to inaccessibility. Also, universal design is flexible and can be adopted in each local case, as it is not a standard which is definitive and specific. It is meant to be universally acceptable and usable by the population that will use the specific built environment or products, and thus it is dependent on the local culture. This also indicates the inclusive nature of universal design, in that the designing process should be participatory and consultative.
2NC Solvency Wall
Funding and expertise exists for the World Bank to do Universal Design
Harold Snider, Adjunct Associate Professor and major activist for the disabled and Nazumi Takeda, education consultant to the World Bank, October 2008, “Design For All: Implications For Bank Operations”; AB
1.01 Today, inclusive development is a critical agenda at the World Bank as well as in international development circles. Benefits of development have not equally reached everyone; lack of attention to diversity, and deliberate and structural social exclusion have contributed to create and foster marginalization of certain groups. There is no way that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be achieved without including these most vulnerable groups, and there is no sustainable development without inclusive development. 1 Inclusive and sustainable globalization is a core vision of the World Bank to overcome poverty, and to create individual opportunity and hope. 2 1.02 Universal design supports this agenda by removing physical barriers – one of the major barriers to social inclusion. For those who have limited capacities such as people with disabilities, elderly, etc., public facilities and services are often physically inaccessible. Universal design developed through the recognition that a large part of the world’s population is not easily accommodated within the standard model upon which public spaces and buildings are based. 3 It aims at accommodating diversity of people’s capacities and needs, and thus improving people’s access to opportunities and promoting their participation in society. 1.03 Given the large amount of funds the World Bank provides for infrastructure, including transport, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), school buildings, water and sanitation facilities, etc., incorporating universal design into its projects will greatly enhance aid efficiency. By not focusing on universal design aspects, the World Bank loses the opportunity to include the maximum number of user groups in the project. It is cost-effective as well, in that the costs incurred constitute a small fraction of the total project when incorporated from the beginning of the project design. On the other hand, including universal design in the post-design process becomes a major cost factor.
CP solves your aff better – the World Bank has no restrictions on disability aid
Harold Snider, Adjunct Associate Professor and major activist for the disabled and Nazumi Takeda, education consultant to the World Bank, October 2008, “Design For All: Implications For Bank Operations”; AB
1.04 Unlike national development agencies, there is no mandate for specific design approaches or concepts in Bank projects. Some national development agencies require specific accessibility standards. For instance, projects funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) must follow architectural accessibility guidelines that are required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) unless there are country standards for accessibility. There are sometimes conflicts between these requirements and the culture of the developing country where the project is funded. On the other hand, these requirements can bring about social change because including accessible design concepts can change ideas about disability and architecture.
2NC AT: Perm – Do Both
1. Links to the net benefit – the plan still has the USFG spend money – links to our disad(s)
2. World Bank Credibility DA
A.) World Bank legitimacy is key to poverty reduction
Paul Mosely et al, Jane Harrigan & John Toye, Economics Professors- University of Reading, Manchester, and Sussex, 1995, Aid and Power: the World Bank and policy-based lending, volume 1, p. xxvii
To sum up, the Bank’s reviewed poverty agenda which has been pursued since the publication of the 1990 World Development Report must count as the Bank’s most heartening initiative since the fist edition of Aid and Power went to press. During the Presidency of Lewis Preston, the Bank has transformed itself from a tardy follower (or sometimes outright critic) of the poverty agenda into a clear leader of important initiatives being taken worldwide to combat both long-term structural poverty and the conjunctural poverty which arises from shakeouts in the public sector and other adverse effects of particular structural adjustment policies. Even for this edition of Aid and Power, it has not been possible to evaluate the effect of this change of direction on levels of poverty. But certainly at the level of inputs, the Bank’s project design and use of policy conditions are now much better attuned to the relief of poverty than they ever were before.
B.) Perception that World Bank funding is independent of US funding is vital to its legitimacy and ultimate effectiveness
Ngaire Woods, International Relations Fellow – University College, Oxford, 2k, The World Bank: Structure and Policies, eds. C. Gilbert & D. Vines, p. 135
Although the United States has a uniquely influential position within the Bank, it does not enjoy full control over the institution’s nature and activities. Indeed, if the United States had control over the organization or indeed was perceived to, the Bank would be of little use to the United States. As two scholars of international relations write: “powerful states structure such organizations to further their own interests but must do so in a way that induces weaker states to participate.” To be effective, the World Bank relies on the participation of most states in the world. Such participation, in turn, requires continued belief in the Bank’s “legitimacy”: the perception by its members that the agency not only has a particular technical expertise but also that it has a certain degree of independence, a genuinely international character and that it acts in a rule-based way rather than according to US discretionary judgments.
C. Poverty outweighs your D-Rule
James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, 2k edition, Violence: Reflections on Our Deadliest Epidemic, p. 195-196
The 14 to 18 million deaths a year caused by structural violence compare with about 100,000 deaths per year from armed conflict. Comparing this frequency of deaths from structural violence to the frequency of those caused by major military and political violence, such as World War II (an estimated 49 million military and civilian deaths, including those caused by genocide--or about eight million per year, 1935-1945), the Indonesian massacre of 1965-1966 (perhaps 575,000 deaths), the Vietnam war (possibly two million, 1954-1973), and even a hypothetical nuclear exchange between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R (232 million), it was clear that even war cannot begin to compare with structural violence, which continues year after year. In other wordS, every fifteen years, on the average, as many people die because of relative poverty as would be killed in a nuclear war that caused 232 million deaths; and every single year, two to three times as many people die from poverty throughout the world as were killed by the Nazi genocide of the Jews over a six-year period. This is, in effect, the equivalent of an ongoing, unending, in fact accelerating, thermonuclear war, or genocide, perpetrated on the weak and poor every year of every decade, throughout the world.