AFRICA

Unit One (8000 BCE to 600 BCE)

Northern Africa

-Egypt (circa 3100 BCE to 1085 BCE)

  • Menes centralized state ruled by pharaohs (then priests, commoners, slaves)
  • Built the pyramids of Giza
  • Solar calendar of 365 days
  • Hieroglypics
  • Polytheistic w/ mummification

-“Sea Peoples” weaken Egyptian frontiers

-Last dynasty of empire ended in 1085 BCE

Sub-Saharan Africa

-Kush (c. 3000 BCE to c. 300 CE) in modern Sudan

-Bantu Migration (c. 2000 BCE – 1000 CE)

-Beginning of Trans-Saharan trade (c. 1000 BCE)

Unit Two (600 BCE to 600 CE)

Northern Africa

-Controlled by Persians c. 525-400 BCE; Macedonians in 332-30 BCE; Romans in 30 BCE on

-Carthage and the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)

Sub-Saharan Africa

-Nok culture (c. 500s BCE to c. 2 CE)

Unit Three (600 to 1450)

Northern Africa

-Umayyad clan (661-750 CE)

-Many convert to Islam after 700 but Christian tradition in Egypt and Ethiopia

Sub-Saharan Africa

-Introduction of cameland Islamic merchantsincreased trade across Sahara

-Ghana (500 to 1200)

  • Center of trade from gold in south & provided ivory, slaves, horses, cloth and salt
  • 900s kings converted to Islam, but animism continued to be important

-Mali (1235 to 1400s)

  • Honored Islam
  • Mansa Musa (1312-1337)
  • Timbuktu: capital of Mali and cultural center

-East African city-states (900 to 1500)

  • Indian Ocean trade w/ Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala (Swahili city-states)
  • Great Zimbabwe built in 1200s

Unit Four (1450 to 1750)

Northern Africa

-Ottoman Empire (1400s to 1800s)

Sub-Saharan Africa

-Songhay (1464 to 1591)

  • West African, Islam dominated but traditional beliefs remained

-Kongo (1300s to 1600s)

  • Close relationship with Portuguese; slave raids weaken king
  • Converted to Christianity

-Atlantic Slave trade depopulated W. Africa

Unit Five (1750 to 1900)

Independence movements in northern Africa from Ottoman Empire

-Mohammad Ali and Egypt (1820)

Scramble for Africa (1880-1914)

-All of continent carved up w/ exception of Liberia and Ethiopia

-King Leopold II of Belgium and Congo Free State

-British in Egypt and Suez Canal

-Berlin Conference est. rules for colonization of Africa

Unit Six (1900 to present)

Northern Africa

-Algerian Independence

-Egyptian Indendence

Sub-Saharan Africa

-Monoculture of cash crops and mines

-Political borders of colonial powers comprised of unrelated ethnic groups who vied for power w/ independence

-Ghana (Gold Coast) achieved ind. in 1957, led by US-educated Kwame Nkrumah

-Kenya armed revolt won ind. in 1963

-Belgium departed Congo suddenly in 1959

-Rwandan genocide in 1994

-South African apartheid (restrictive laws controlling majority black population)

  • African National Congress (ANC) and international sanctions/boycotts help end apartheid in 1989
  • Nelson Mandela first freely elected president of South Africa in 1994