UNIT 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST
2-14-18 STARS-COCOCCIA/LAKE/PHILLIPS
2-15-18TRIPES - LEAMY/PHILLIPS
System issomething with two or more parts that interact.
A.A change in one part of the system will cause a change in the system overall.
B.Systems have boundaries (you can define what is part of the system and what is not)
Characteristics of Life are Organisms, which are things that show all of the characteristics of life such as:
1. OrganizationareLiving things are organized into specialized structures that carry out specific functions that help the organism function as a whole.
Ex: Muscles are organized into the muscular system which helps organisms move
Ex: Organelles like a cell wall protects plant cell, provides structure
A. Unicellular organisms = one cell (organelles are the structures that carry out each life function)
B. Multicellular organism = two or more cells working together
Generally, multicellular organisms have different TYPES of cells that do different jobs. They can be organized into more complex systems (tissues, organs, organ systems)
- Growth and Development
Growth:Both unicellular and multicellular organisms grow.
Ex:Unicellular - increase in size, Multicellular – increase the number of cells
Developmentoccurs as each living thing goes through its life cycle and matures
- Reproduction means that livings things must be able to create more living things.
A.This can happen in different ways:
- Sexual reproduction – requires a mate
2. Asexual reproduction – one parent (divides, etc.
- Response to Stimuli - Adjust and respond to changes in the environment
A.Internal Stimuli – changes within the organisms internal environment
Ex: Getting a fever when you are sick, feeling thirsty or hungry
B.External Stimuli – changes in the environment around an organism
Ex: Sweating when it’s hot, shivering when it’s cold, eyes dilating when its bright out
Ex: Plants grow towards sunlight, animals fluffing their fur when it’s cold
- Homeostasis- Maintaining stable internal conditions. Each organism has a certain set of requirements that have to remain relatively constant in order for them to be able to function
Ex: maintaining a certain body temperature, blood pressure, fluid levels, nutrient levels, oxygen levels, etc.
- Energy-Living things need to obtain (get) and use energy to carry out all of the other life needs. Living things obtain energy in different ways: producers, consumers, decomposers, etc.
Cell - is the smallest unit of life. It is made of small parts called organelles(little organs) which work together so the cell will function correctly
NOTE: Plant, animal, and bacteria cells are structured differently
Cell Membrane-controls what enters/leaves the cell and helps protect it from the outside environment
NOTE: All cells have a cell membrane
Cell Wall - surrounds plant cells, as well as some fungal and bacterial cells
It surrounds the cell membrane and serves as extra protection
In some plant and fungal cells, it also provides structure/support
Nucleus-The “brain” of the cell
Gives the other organelles instructions so that they can carry out their functions
Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), genetic material that determines how an organism looks and contains the “instructions for life”
Mitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)
Produces energy for the cell through the process of cellular respiration so the cell can carry out its functions
Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction where food is converted into energy
Chloroplast isfound in plant cells and some single celled organisms. It contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. It carries out photosynthesis, a chemical reaction where the cell uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into food called glucose (sugar)
Other Organelles:
Ribosome- manufacture proteins (each protein has a unique function)EndoplasmicReticulum - makes ribosomes and lipids (used in membranes and energy storage) and helps transport those materials around the cell
Golgi Apparatus – packages substances in the cell
Lysosome-break down and recycle cell components
Vacuole – store food, water, and waste; plant cells contain a giant one that stores water to give the cell support