IB History
Higher Europe
Paper 3
Student guide
18th January, 1871
Galerie des Glaces
Chateau de Versailles
One of the defining moments in 19th Century European History and with huge portent for the 20th. Forty-eight years later Clemenceau chose this same room as the place where the peace treaty after the 1914-18 war would be signed.
www.fordham.edu/halsall
Map Chest;
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/haindex.html
http://www.fsmitha.com/maps.html#h2
Flags and other symbols from http://flagspot.net/flags/
One question from each topic will appear on Paper 3. Students will need to answer 3 questions. The Higher teacher will probably wish to cover five or six topics.
He/she will choose which areas they wish to cover.
The Congress System
Course Outline
· Vienna and post-Napoleonic settlement, attitudes of the Great Powers
· Later Congresses: Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laibach and Verona
· Metternich's influence in Austria-Hungary and Europe
· Demands for parliamentary/constitutional reform
· 1848 revolutions: causes, events, suppression, results
Past Questions
1. How far do you agree with the statement that “security not revenge” was the main objective of the Statesmen at the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
2. Examine the aims and principles of the European powers who took part in the Congress of Vienna, September 1814 to June 1815.
3. Explain whom you consider were the winners and losers of the Vienna settlement (1814/15).
4. How far did the Congress of Vienna solve the problems faced by its delegates?
5. “The success of the Congress of Vienna has been much exaggerated.” How valid is this assessment of the short-term and long-term results of the Congress?
6. In what way did the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System reflect Metternich’s aims?
7. Analyse the successes and failures of both the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System.
8. How far do you support the claim that the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System were “a study in allied unity”?
9. Examine the working of the Congress System between 1815 and 1825.
10. “Selfish manipulation (exploitation) by great powers”. To what extent is this a fair judgement of the Congress System in the period 1815-1825?
11. Why did Europe erupt into revolution in 1848?
Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914 Wilmot
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890 Cowie & Wolfson
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 Lee
The 1848 Revolutions Jones
The Concert of Europe Lowe
Revolutions and Nationalities Browning
Metternich: Prince of Paradox Pelling, New Perspective, Dec 1998
Europe in Revolt, 1848 Fortescue, MHR Nov 1992
Europe in Turmoil in 1848, Elites shut the lid Price, New Perspective, 1995
The Hapsburg Empire 1815-1918
Course Outline
· Austria and Prussia, 1815 to 1848
· Economic developments, the Zollverein
· 1848 revolutions
· Wars, unification of Germany
· The dual monarchy, Austria-Hungary
· Dissolution of the Empire
Past Questions
1. In 1820 Metternich complained: “Today I must devote myself to propping up rotten buildings”. What did he mean and how successful was he?
2. Evaluate the extent to which Metternich achieved his aims for Austria and for Europe.
3. For what reasons, and with what justification, is the period 1815 to 1848 known as “The Age of Metternich”?
4. Account for the outbreak of any two revolutions in 1848 and assess their results.
5. Analyse the causes and results of political and economic unrest in any two European countries between 1830 and 1850.
6. Why and with what results did revolutions occur in 1848 in two of the following: Austria; Germany; Hungary; Italy?
7. What were the causes and results of the 1848 revolutions in the Austrian Empire?
8. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of Austria in the first half of the 19th century.
9. With what justification can it be said that the first half of the 19th century witnessed the inevitable decline of Austria?
10. How and why did events concerning Austria-Hungary effect Europe between 1867 and 1914?
11. In what ways was the Ausgleich (compromise) of 1867 a turning point in Austrian history?
12. Explain the importance for Austria of the Ausgleich (the agreement which provided for the Dual Monarchy) of 1867, and the Congress of Berlin, 1878.
13. “The establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 delayed, but could not prevent, the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.” How justified is this view?
14. Account for the weakness and decline of Austria-Hungary between 1867 and 1914.
Resources
The Great Powers, 1814-1914 Wilmot
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890 Cowie & Wolfson
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 Lee
The 1848 Revolutions Jones
The Concert of Europe Lowe
The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Mason
The Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 Pelling
Revolutions and Nationalities Browning
Metternich: Prince of Paradox Pelling, New Perspective, Dec 1998
Europe in Revolt, 1848 Fortescue, MHR Nov 1992
Italy 1815-1871
Course Outline
· Separatism, the Papacy, Rome
· Republicanism, 1848 revolutions
· Growth of power of Piedmont-Sardinia
· Contribution of Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour
· Foreign involvement
Past Questions
1. “The involvement of foreign powers was of crucial importance to the Unification of Italy.” How far do you agree with this statement?
2. Show how Italian unification was achieved in spite of the problems caused by the existence of various secular states and the Papal states.
3. How serious an obstacle to Italian unification was the Papacy between 1815 and 1870?
4. Why did it take so long to unify Italy?
5. How and why did Piedmont/Sardinia play an important part in Italian unification?
6. How, why, and with what results did Rome remain outside a unified Italy until 1870?
7. How and why did Cavour contribute to Italian unification?
8. Analyse the aims, motives and policies of Cavour between 1852 and 1861.
9. “Cavour’s main aim for Italy was independence rather than unification.” How far do you agree with this quotation and consider that it explains his success?
10. In 1861 Cavour said, “Rome must be the capital of Italy because without Rome Italy cannot be constituted.” Assess Cavour’s attitude to and contribution to Italian unification in the light of this statement.
11. Why has it been claimed that Italian unification needed both a Cavour and a Garibaldi?
12. Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of Mazzini and Cavour.
13. Compare and contrast the aims and achievements of Mazzini and Garibaldi.
14. Why and with what justification is Garibaldi regarded as an Italian patriot?
15. Compare and contrast the contributions of Mazzini and Garibaldi to Italian unification.
Resources
Field trip to Risorgimento sites in Rome, Janiculum, Museo Risorgimento, Port Pia etc
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914 Wilmot
The Unification of Italy Warwick History Videos
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890 Cowie & Wolfson
The Unification of Italy Morrogh
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 Lee
The 1848 Revolutions Jones
The Concert of Europe Lowe
Nabucco Verdi
The Making of Modern Italy Brendon
The Unification of Italy Stiles
The Unification of Italy Gooch
Revolutions and Nationalities Browning
Mazzini: terrorist or hero ? Brendon, MHR, Nov, 2002
The Republicans & the Risorgimento Chapman, MHR, Sep 2000
A geographical expression ? Hearder, Hist Review, Mar 1996
The Risorgimento's Failure Morris, MHR, Feb 1994
www.ipswich.suffolk.sch.uk/history/italian%20unification.htm
German Unification
Course Outline
· Austria and Prussia, 1815 to 1866
· Bismarck, Prussian domestic and foreign policies, to 1871
· Wars, unification of Germany
Past Questions
1. In what ways were the seeds of German unification sown between 1800 and 1815 and how much progress had been made towards this goal by 1853?
2. What did the 1848 Revolutions reveal about the strengths and weaknesses of Austria and Prussia?
3. How far is it true to say that Austria lost control of Germany rather than Prussia gained it?
4. Show how the policies of Metternich and Bismarck contributed to the defeat of Austria by Prussia in 1866.
5. Why was it that Prussia, rather than Austria, had achieved the dominant position in Germany by 1866?
6. It has been claimed that Germany was united “more by coal and iron than by blood and iron”. How far do you agree that economic power contributed more to the unification of Germany than did the military victories of the 1860s?
7. To what extent were Bismarck’s successes due to the mistakes of his opponents?
8. Explain how the inherent strength of Prussia combined with Bismarck’s political skills achieved German unification.
9. To what extent is it true to say that Bismarck gave Germany many years of prosperity and legal government and Europe a period of peace?
10. In 1867, Bismarck said: “Anyone who has looked into the eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.” Analyse Bismarck’s foreign policy in the light of these words.
11. What advantages and disadvantages did Bismarck inherit when he became Minister President of Prussia in 1862 and how did he use the advantages to bring about German unification?
12. “Bismarck’s greatness lay not in mastering events but in going with events so as to seem to master them.” How far do you agree with this judgement?
13. To what extent should Bismarck receive credit for the unification of Germany?
14. Compare and contrast Bismarck’s policies towards Austria and France between 1862 and 1871.
Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914 Wilmot
The Unification of Germany Warwick History Videos
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890 Cowie & Wolfson
From Confederation to Empire Lodge
The Unification of Germany Gorman
The Unification of Germany Stiles
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 Lee
The Concert of Europe Lowe
Revolutions and Nationalities Browning
www.ipswich.suffolk.sch.uk/history/german%20unification.htm
The Kaiserreich
Course Outline
· Bismarck and Prussia/Germany, 1871-1890
· Wilhelmine Germany, 1890 to 1918; domestic and foreign policies
Past Questions
1. What were the main problems faced by Bismarck after 1871 and how successfully did he resolve them?
2. “No man has had so great an effect on Germany and none a more profound effect on Europe.” Evaluate this quotation on the career and importance of Bismarck.
3. What problems did Bismarck face at home after 1871?
4. What were the main political, social and religious problems which affected the German Empire between 1871 and 1914?
5. “Bismarck’s policies both at home and abroad, between the years 1871 and 1890, merely stored up problems for the future, both for Germany and Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this verdict?
Resources
Diplomacy Boardgame
The Great Powers, 1814-1914 Wilmot
Germany: Adolescent Empire History of the 20th Century, ed. AJP Taylor
Video: The Kaiser, Timewatch 87
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890 Cowie & Wolfson
Years of Change, 1890-1945 Wolfson
Europe, 1890-1990 Traynor
Imperial and Weimar Germany, 1890-1933 Laver
From Bismarck to Hitler:Germany 1890-1933 Layton
Bismarck and the German Empire, 1871-1918 Abrams
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 Lee
www.stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/gbs2/whkmla/region/germany/ksr7190dom.html
www.activehistory.co.uk/worksheets/a2/lme/wilhelm_dom_pol.pdf
www.worldwar1.com
www.colby.edu/personal/rmscheck/Contents.html
www.greenhead.ac.uk
France 1815-1871
Course Outline
· The Restoration, Louis XVIII, Charles X
· The 1830 Revolution
· Louis Philippe and 1848
· Napoleon III, domestic and foreign policies
· 1870-1871
Past Questions
1. How far do you agree with the claim that the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne was “doomed to failure”?
2. Compare and contrast the aims and policies of Louis XVIII and Charles X.
3. How far is it true to say that, “Louis XVIII’s policies proved that the Bourbon restoration in France could work, but that the policies of Charles X ensured it would fail.”
4. Why did Louis Philippe replace Charles X as the French King in 1830?
5. How far is it true to say that the so-called Revolution in France in 1830 was inevitable?
6. In what ways was the 1830 Revolution in France conservative, and how did the nature of his accession affect the policies of Louis Philippe?
7. Account for the changes in the way France was governed between 1830 and 1875.
8. How and why were the hopes of revolutionaries in France frustrated between 1848 and 1853?
9. Why were so many people in France prepared to vote for Louis Napoleon in 1848 but accept his coup d’état in 1851?
10. Analyse the successes and failures of Napoleon III’s domestic policies.
11. To what extent, and with what results, did Napoleon III liberalise the Second Empire in France?
12. Which of Napoleon III’s policies reflected genuine care for the well-being of his subjects?
13. To what extent was Napoleon III responsible for his own downfall?
14. How far would you agree that Napoleon III was more successful in his domestic than in his foreign policy?
15. How far was Napoleon III responsible for the dangers that overwhelmed him ?
Resources
The Great Powers, 1814-1914 Wilmot
Years of Nationalism, 1815-1890 Cowie & Wolfson
Aspects of European History, 1789-1980 Lee
Revolutions and Nationalities Browning
Alexander II & Tsarist Russia
Course Outline
· Tsarism and Russia
· Alexander II, emancipation of the serfs, other reforms and reaction
· Growth of opposition
Past Questions
1. In what ways, and for what reasons, did Alexander II attempt to reform Russia between 1855 and 1866?
2. Evaluate the motives for an results of Alexander II’s reforms?
3. To what extent did the reforms of Alexander II fulfill his aims?
4. What problems did Alexander II face in 1855 and how far was he successful in solving them?
5. Alexander II believed that it was his duty to improve the structure of the State when necessary. Why did he believe this, and what were the results of his belief?
6. Why, in spite of his efforts to reform Russian institutions, was Alexander II assassinated?
7. How far was Alexander II responsible for the dangers that overwhelmed him?
8. How far is it true to say that Russia was transformed into a modern country between 1855 and 1900?
9. What factors led to the increase of opposition to the ruling Romanov dynasty in Russia between 1855 and 1905?