US History
Fort Burrows
The Civil War
or The Northern Aggression as we Southerners like to say
17.1 -- The Conflict Takes Shape
12 Generals have become Our President
Presidents:
1st / 1789 / – / 1797 / 2 terms / George Washington – 57 – General2nd / 1797 / – / 1801 / 1 term / John Adams – 61
3rd / 1801 / – / 1809 / 2 terms / Thomas Jefferson - 57
4th / 1809 / – / 1817 / 2 terms / James Madison – 57
5th / 1817 / – / 1825 / 2 terms / James Monroe – 58
6th / 1825 / – / 1829 / 1 term / John Quincy Adams – 57
7th / 1829 / – / 1837 / 2 terms / Andrew Jackson - 61 – General
8th / 1837 / – / 1841 / 1 term / Martin Van Buren – 54
9th / 1841 / – / 1841 / Died / William Henry Harrison - 68 – General
10th / 1841 / – / 1845 / 1 term / John Tyler – 51
11th / 1845 / – / 1849 / 1 term / James K Polk – 49
12th / 1849 / – / 1850 / Died / Zachary Taylor - 64 – General
13th / 1850 / – / 1853 / 1 term / Millard Fillmore – 50
14th / 1853 / – / 1857 / 1 term / Franklin Pierce - 48 – General
15th / 1857 / – / 1861 / 1 term / James Buchanan – 65
16th / 1861 / – / 1865 / 2 terms / Abraham Lincoln - 52, assassinated in office
17th 1865 – 1869 1 term Andrew Johnson – 50, replaced Lincoln – General
18th 1869 – 1877 2 terms Ulysses Simpson US Grant – 47 – General .
Other Generals – Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Ben Harrison, Eisenhower…
Time Line:
1861, April 12, 4:30am, the 1st mortar round was fired at Fort Sumter, SC
1861 – The 1st major battle of the war takes place at Bull Run on July 21st
1862 – Union gunboats capture New Orleans and Memphis
– Great Britain refuses to recognize the Confederacy
1863 – The Battle of Gettysburg ends the Confederate drive into the North
– Abraham Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation
1864 – General U.S. Grant becomes commander of the Union Army
1865, April 9, General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House (Virginia)
1865 – Can Opener Invented
1959 – Pop Top Invented
Civil War Amendments – 13th , 14th , & 15th Amendments
FREE -- 13th Amendment – Abolition of Slavery (1865)
CITIZEN -- 14th Amendment – Rights of Citizens ( includes ALL freedmen ) (1868)
VOTE -- 15th Amendment – Voting Rights ( for former slave males ) (1869)
One definition of democracy might be a system in which the people have a say in how they are governed. If that is the case, the American Civil War is perhaps the one major example in our history of the system breaking down. The North and the South came to blows, in large part because not all “the people”—African slaves in particular—had a say in how they were governed. Many historians, including the infamous Fort Burrows historian, consider the Civil War to be a major turning point in US History. At no point since, have US citizens been so bitterly divided on issues that they have taken up armsagainst one another. The war’s legacy is a strong federal government, but one that still struggles to achieve true equality for all its citizens.
** What Caused the Civil War ?
-- When the US Constitution was written and ONLY recognized White Men ?
The Great Men that dreamed of, fought for, and created this Democratic Country
Caused it BY not addressing the Slavery Issue, they caused the Civil War…
-- When John Adams and Thomas Jefferson disagreed and split the country into
2 Parties ? They caused it…
-- When Henry Clay, West and John C Calhoun, South and Daniel Webster, North
created Sectionalism in our country ? They caused it...
-- When the Southern Planters (plantation owners) believed in ‘Cottonocracy’
as the eternal savior ?
-- When the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a piece of property and not an
American Citizen ? They caused it…
-- When William Henry Gist wrote to each of the Southern Governors insisting
“that if Lincoln is elected you, we all must leave this country” ?
-- When the Confederates started stealing arsenals from
US Army forts all over the South ?
-- When the country of United States of America, with their ‘Democratic Voices’
Elected Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President ?
-- When South Carolina succeeded ?
-- When the Confederates fired a cannon shot at Fort Sumter, South Carolina at
4:30am on April 12, 1861 ?
-- When South walked out of the door on North ?
Although both sides believed that their cause was just, the North had important advantages at the start of the war.
racism -- the belief that one race is by nature superior to another
border state -- slave state that remained in the Union during the civil war
martial law -- ruled by the army instead of the elected government
stoic – showing no emotion especially when something bad happens
racism -- the belief that one race is by nature superior to another
border state -- slave state that remained in the Union during the civil war
martial law -- ruled by the army instead of the elected government
Confederacy – alliance of Southern states that seceded from the Union
counter – to go against or contradict
inaugural address – speech given by the new president at the swearing-in ceremony
secede – to formally withdraw from an alliance or organization
sentiment – an attitude or emotion toward something
shell – to fire explosive objects at something; rockets, grenades, etc.
sovereignty – independent authority claimed by a state or community
President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve as soldiers in a campaign against the South. The term of enlistment was only 90 days—most northerners believed that the war would be over quickly. In the words of one confident Union supporter, “We shall crush out this rebellion as an elephant would trample a mouse.”
Southerners were just as convinced that a Confederate victory would be quick. A confederate in North Carolina predicted, “Just throw three or four bombshells among those blue-bellied Yankees and they’ll scatter like sheep.”
With flags held high, both northerners and southerners marched off to war. Most felt certain that a single, gallant battle would bring a quick end to the conflict. Few suspected that the Civil War would last four terrible years. By the time fighting was over, every part of American society would be affected by the Civil War.
¿¿ Name the Confederate States of America. Try to do it in ORDER…
1. ______2. ______3. ______4. ______
5. ______6. ______7. ______
8. ______9. ______10. ______11. ______
10th Amendment – Powers reserved to the States…
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
{Federalist or Anti-Federalist ??}
A Nation Divided
Southerners believed they had a right to leave the Union; the “war for southern independence”
Independence… so they could keep their traditional way of life
HMM! Sounds kinda like what the 13 colonies did 85 years earlier.
Northerners had to fight to save the Union; abolishing slavery was not the main issue
many northerners believed in racism; they actually approved of slavery
April 1861, eight slave states remained in the Union; these states had half of the South’s population and food crop, cotton is not the issue
four states quickly joined; North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia
note In Western Virginia—there were few slave owners, most people supported the Union; so, when Virginia left the Union, citizens of Western Virginia formed their own government and became a new state in the Union, West Virginia,1863
the southern border states remained in the Union; Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and in 1863-West Virginia
Maryland was very important to the Union because it bordered the nation’s capital of Washington, D.C.
some of the citizens in the border states, supported the South; they attacked Union troops in Baltimore, Maryland
President Lincoln declared martial law; many ‘South’ supporters were arrested
Resources of the North and South, 1861Strengths and Weaknesses
South had advantage of fighting a defensive war
However, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, pleaded…
“We seek no conquest…All we ask is to be left alone”
The South
Southerners were fighting for independence; a.k.a. American Revolution
Defending their homeland and way of lifeConfederate, “Our men must prevail in combat, or they will lose their property, country, freedom – in short, everything”
Confederate Advantages:
friendly civilians showed the troops obscure roads that did not appear on maps, Confederate troops used the ‘woods’ throughout the south as cover against the invading Union troops
Confederate Disadvantages:
FEW factories to produce weapons, very limited railroad tracks
Political Problems:
heavy emphasis on state’s rights; limited Confederate government authority – example – governor of Georgia insisted only Georgian officers should command Georgian troops
small population, 9 million to 22 million; 3 of the 9 million were slaves
not enough people to serve as soldiers, farmers, machinists, etc. to support the war effort
The North
Union Advantages:
4:1 population; 22 to 6 million free citizens; more people to grow food, work in factories, replace dead soldiers, etc.
Industry was the North’s greatest resource; produced 90% of all the manufactured goods in the US
quickly converted factories to produce guns, bullets, cannons, boots, uniforms, etc.
7 out of every 10 miles of railroad track was in the North: used to move troops and products quickly
strong Navy and large fleet of trading ships; the North controlled the seas -- Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico
Union Disadvantages:
Northern troops had to conquer huge areas of unfamiliar land
supply lines were long and vulnerable to Confederate attack
this was to be a police action; the North did not want to take over land
¿¿ How would factory production be an advantage for the North ?
______
The War’s Leaders
North – Abe Lincoln, South – Jefferson Davis
President Jefferson Davis
was thought to be a stronger leader than Lincoln
past experience prepared him for his position
served with Exceptional Gallantry in previous war
keenly looked after Mississippi’s interests
“Mr. Davis’s military instincts still predominate, and his eager wish
was to have joined the army instead of being elected President.”
Arthur James Freemantle, from The Freemantle Diary
attended the United States Military Academy at West Point
Officer in the Mexican War
Secretary of War for President Pierce
widely respected by his peers; honest and courageous
Weakness:did not allow others to work out the small details of military
planning;as a result, he spent much of his time on small
matters and arguing with his advisors
President Abraham Lincoln
did not have much military or political experience
was patient
could have a sharp-tongue and used this often
became a strong leader and fine war planner
gained respect; mostly through his sense of humor
took criticism with a smile -- Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, called Lincoln a ‘fool’, Lincoln’s comment,
“Did Stanton call me a fool? Then I must be one,
for Stanton is generally right and he always says what he means.”
¿¿ What were the leadership roles of Jefferson Davis versusAbraham Lincoln ?
Davis______
Lincoln______
Military Leaders
United States Army officers, originally from southern states, had to decide whether to stay in the Army and fight against home states or join the Confederate forces
Robert E Lee faced this issue when Lincoln, his friend, asked him to be the Union Commander
in a letter to Lincoln he responded,
Virginia did secede and Lee refused Lincoln’s offer
An American Profile
/ Robert E Lee came from a distinguished Virginia family. After graduating with honors from West Point, he served in the Army Corps of Engineers. During the Mexican War, his superior officer described him as “the very best soldier I ever saw in the field.”Despite that, Lee hated the horror of war. When the Civil War broke out, Lee was torn between the Union and his home state of Virginia. In the end he chose Virginia.
“I have not been able tomake up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home.” Robert E Lee 1807-1870
later, Lee became the Commander of the Confederate Army
many of the best officers served the Confederacy
Lincoln had trouble finding a General to match those in the South
1. What issues divided the nation when the war began?
Southern______Northern______.
2. What are the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and South at the beginning of the war ?
South______North______.
3. Who were the leaders of each sides of the war?
South; President –______General – ______
North; President –______General – ______
1 of Printer Copy 17.1 MAR 2018