Passive Voice
1. Present Simple Passive:
am/is/are + G-ed/3kol.People chop down a lot of trees every year.
A lot of trees are chopped every year.
2. Past Simple Passive
was/were + G-ed/3kol.The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis.
The Acropolis was built by the ancient Greeks.
3. Present Continuous Passive
am/is/are + being + G-ed/3kol.An expert is restoring the antique car.
The antique car is being restored by an expert.
4. Past Continuous Passive
was/were + being + G-ed/3kol.Hijackers were holding the plane passengers hostage.
The plane passengers were being held hostage by hijackers.
5. Present Perfect Simple Passive
have/has + been + G-ed/3kol.The government has increased the tax on cigarettes.
The tax on cigarettes has been increased by the government.
6. Past Perfect Simple Passive
had + been + G-ed/3kol.People had seen the little boy playing in the park.
The little boy had been seen playing in the park.
7. Future Simple Passive
will + be + G-ed/3kol.A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
The professor will be met at the airport by a number of reporters.
8. Passive of modal verbs (can/could/may/might/should/must/ought to)
can/could/may/might/should/must/ought to + be + G-ed/3kol.Bad weather may delay your flight.
Your flight may be delayed by bad weather.
Impersonal and personal passive constructions
Present Simple – to infinitive (to + G)
eg. People say that she has millions in the bank.
- It is said that she has millions in the bank.
- She is saidto have millions in the bank.
Present Perfect / Past Perfect – perfect infinitive (to have + G-ed/3kol.)
eg. Everyone knows that he has been in prison.
- Itis known that he has been in prison.
- He is knownto have been in prison.
They claimed that he had been there at the time of murder.
- It was claimed that he had been there at the time of murder.
- He was claimedto have been there at the time of murder.
Past Simple –perfect infinitive (to have + G-ed/3kol.)
eg. People thought he inherited a fortune.
- It was thought that he inherited a fortune.
- He was thoughtto have inherited a fortune.
Present Continuous / Past Continuous – progressive infinitive (to be + G-ing)
eg. Many people believe that the climate is changing.
- It is believed that the climate is changing.
- The climate is believedto be changing.
Everyone thought that they were lying.
- It was thought that they were lying.
- They were thoughtto be lying.
Sledeći primer nije neki poseban slučaj već je samo glagol u prezent perfektu.
eg. Journalists have reported that this festival is the largest in the world.
- It has been reported that the festival is the largest in the world.
- This festival has been reportedto be the largest in the world.
Conditionals
Type O (Zero Conditional) – is used to express a general truth or a scientific fact
If-clause / main clauseIf you mix red and yellow, / you get orange.
present simple / present simple
Type I – is used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future
If-clause / main clauseIf he gets paid today, / he will treat me to a meal tonight.
present simple / future simple
Type II – is used to express unreal, hypothetical, imaginary situations which are unlikely to happen in the present or future
If-clause / main clauseIf I won the lottery, / I would buy a luxurious flat.
past simple (G-ed/2kol.) / would + G
If-clause / main clause
If Mike were the manager, / he would make lots of changes.
umesto was koristi se were / would + G
Type III – is used to express imaginary situations which were not realized in the past
If-clause / main clauseIf Lewis had gone to the party, / he would have seen Jane.
past perfect simple
(had+G-ed/3kol.) / would have + G-ed/3kol.
Umesto If mogu se koristiti sledeći izrazi:
-supposing / suppose
eg. Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic with him?
-providing / provided that
eg. I’ll pick your clothes up from the dry cleaner’s provided that I finish work before three o’clock.
-on condition that
-so long as / as long as
eg. As long ashe is on time, we won’t be late for the meeting.
-a umesto if not moze se upotrebiti unlesszato posle njega ide glagol u potvrdnom a ne odričnom obliku jer unless već u sebi sadrži negaciju a u engleskom u jednoj recenici ne mogu biti dve negacije
eg. Unless it stops snowing, the plane won’t take off.
(If it doesn’t stop snowing, the plane won’t take off.)
Pored toga što se može zameniti ovim izrazima if se može potpuno izostaviti ali se tada vrši inverzija pa red reči nije kao u potvrdnom već kao u upitnom obliku.
If you should need my advice, you can call me.
Should you need my advice, you can call me.
If shewere more efficient, she would get a promotion.
Wereshe more efficient, she would get a promotion.
If he had arrived on time, he wouldn’t have missed the bus.
Had he arrived on time, he wouldn’t have missed the bus.
WISHES
-to say that you would like something to be different in the present
wish / regret about a present situation we want to be different
I wish+ past simple
If only
I wish I were a millionaire. (but I’m not)
If only youworkedmore efficiently. (but you don’t work more efficiently)
-to express regret about something which happened or didn’t happen in the past
regret that something happened or didn’t happen in the past (regret about the
past)
I wish+ past perfect simple
If only
I wish I had taken their advice. (but I didn’t take their advice)
If only I had gone to Ann’s party last night. (but I didn’t go to her party)