Chapter 6-8 APES Review Questions

Chapter 6:

1.  What are seven examples of weather?

  1. Temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloud cover, wind directions, and wind speed.

2.  What is climate?

  1. A region’s general patter of atmospheric or weather conditions over a long period of time.

3.  What are the five greenhouse gases?

  1. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and synthetic chlorofluorcarbons.

4.  What are the three major deserts?

  1. Tropical desert, temperate desert and cold desert

5.  What is an upwelling

  1. The cold, nutrient-rich bottom water where it brings plant nutrients from deeper parts of the ocean to the surface. It supports large populations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and fish-eating sea birds.

6.  Explain the different between a cold front and a warm front.

  1. A warm front is the boundary between an advancing warm air mass and the cooler on it is replacing. A cold front is the leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air.

7.  What are two examples of weather extremes?

  1. Tornado, cyclones, hurricanes

8.  What characteristics affect weather highs and lows?

  1. Pressure affects highs and lows. A high is a mass with high pressure and a low is a low pressure system.

9.  Average temperature and average precipitation determine a region’s ______Climate

10.  What factors determine global air circulation patterns?

  1. Uneven heating of the earth’s surface. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation rotation of the earth on its axis, long-term variations in the amount of solar energy striking the earth and properties of air and water determine global air circulation patterns.

11.  What is weather?

  1. Short-term properties of the troposphere at a particular place and time.

12.  What two main factors affect a regions climate?

  1. Average temperature and average precipitation

13.  How much of the globe is covered with oceans? A. 71%

14.  What is the difference between weather and climate?

  1. Weather is atmospheric conditions at a single moment while climate is a general patter of weather over a long period of time.

15.  What causes ocean currents? A. Winds and the earths rotation

16.  What do upwellings do that help the environment?

  1. Bringing up plant nutrients from deeper parts of the ocean to the ocean surface

17.  Tropical grasslands are also known as: savannas

18.  Why are mountains important?

  1. Dramatic changes in altitude, climate, soil, and vegetation take place over a very short distance.

19.  What five factors affect global air circulation?

  1. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation, uneven heating of the earth’s surface, rotation of the earth on its axis, long-term variations in amount of solar energy striking the earth, properties of air and water.

20.  Where are most of the meters and gauges that measure weather located?

  1. On the surface of the earth within 15 m of Earth’s surface.

21.  What is another name for the ozone layer? A. Thermal cap

22.  What angle is the globe tilted at? A. 23.5 degrees


Chapter 7

1.  What are the two major types of aquatic life zones?

  1. Saltwater and freshwater.

2.  What are the layers of aquatic life zones?

  1. Surface, middle, bottom

3.  What is a partially enclosed area of coastal water called?

  1. estuary

4.  What is it called when the headwater streams merge to form streams that flow down gentler slopes?

  1. Transitional zone

5.  What are freshwater inland wetlands?

  1. Lands covered with fresh water all or most of the time

6.  What is eutrophication?

  1. The process of nutrient over enrichment, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter, and subsequent ecosystem degradation.

7.  What is the rate at which production occurs?

  1. productivity

8.  Explain the nutrient levels in an oligotrphic and eutrophic lake.

  1. An oligotrophic lake is poorly nourished with a small supply of nutrients. An eutrophic lake is well-nourished with an excessive or large supply of nutrients.

9.  What is a freshwater life zone?

  1. A freshwater life zone has a concentration less than 1% of dissolved salt

10.  What is a lake?

  1. Lakes are large natural bodies of standing freshwater formed when precipitation, runoff, or groundwater seepage fills depressions in the earth’s surface.

11.  What is the bottom zone of the ocean?

  1. Benthic

12.  What are the major threats to coral reefs?

  1. Ocean warming, soil erosion, algae growth from fertilizer runoff, mangrove destruction, coral reef bleaching, rising sea levels, increased UV exposure from ozone depletion, using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish, coral removal for building material, aquariums and jewelry, and damage from boats.

13.  What is a profundal zone?

  1. The deep, open water where it is too dark for photosynthesis.

14.  What is the intertidal zone?

  1. Are of shoreline between low and high tide.

15.  What is an alien species?

  1. A non-native species that is introduced into an environment

16.  Classify the two groups that plankton are divided into and what make them up?

  1. Zooplankton – animal plankton and phytoplankton – plant plankton

17.  Name the three biological zones found in the open sea?

  1. Euphotic, bathyal, abyssal

18.  Barrier islands are?

  1. Long, thin, low offshore islands of sediment that generally run parallel to the shore

19.  The warm nutrient-rich shallow water that extends from the high tide mark on land to the continental shelf?

  1. The coastal zone.

20.  What is phytoplankton?

  1. Free-floating microscopic cyanobacteria and many types of algae that are the produces supporting most aquatic food chains and webs.

21.  Which zone contains 90% of all marine life and species?

  1. Coastal zone

22.  What are the two types of decomposers that live in the sea? A. Deposit feeders and filter feeders

Chapter 8

1.  Name two of the five types of species in a community?

  1. Native, non-native, indicator, keystone, and foundation

2.  What is mutalism?

  1. Two species or a network of species interact to benefit both species

3.  Where are the most species-rich environments found?

  1. Tropical rain forests, coral reef, deep sea, large tropical lakes

4.  What explains the differences in species diversity?

  1. Species equilibrium model

5.  What are differences in the physical structure and physical properties at boundaries and in transition zones between two ecosystems called?

  1. Edge effects

6.  Describe the theory of island biogeography?

  1. The further from mainland, the less biodiversity on an island

7.  Name two examples of non-native species.

  1. Kuzdu, fire ants, and cane toads

8.  What is an indicator species?

  1. An indicator is the first sign of environmental problems

9.  What is the difference between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition?

  1. Intraspecific competition is two species competing for the same resources. Interspecific competition is competition between members of the same species for the same resources.

10.  What effects does pollution have on biodiversity?

  1. Affects reproduction and causes mutations.

11.  Why do islands have a lower species diversity?

  1. Smaller immigration and fewer resources

12.  What are the factors that contribute to good territory?

  1. An abundant food supply, good nesting sites, low amount of predators, environmental factors that cause less breeding

13.  What is secondary succession?

  1. The more common type of succession that involves the reestablishment of biotic communities in an area where some type of biotic community is already present.

14.  What is predation?

  1. Members of one species (the predator) feed directly on all or part of a living organism of another species (the prey).

15.  What are the four different types of competition and describe them.

  1. Intraspecific, interspecific, interference, exploitation

16.  What are the different types kinds of symbiosis and describe them.

  1. Parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

17.  What are the three aspects of stability in living systems?

  1. Inertia, constancy, resiliency

18.  What affects the rate of succession?

  1. Facilitation, inhibition, tolerance

19.  What are keystone species?

  1. Species whose role is more important than their abundance or biomass suggests.

20.  What kind of adaptations have prey gained to survive from predators in the environment.

  1. Camouflage, hide, make loud noises, play dead

21.  What is the depth of the ocean that the population decreases at?

  1. 2000 m then the population density increases again