Living Things
Lesson No. 1
Human Digestive System
A living organism body consists of a set of systems
Each system performs a certain function.
System / Function1- Digestive system / Digests and absorbs food.
2- Respiratory system / Carries out the process of respiration
3- Circulatory system / Distributes the digested food and oxygen all over the body cells.
4- Urinary system / Helps the body to get rid of harmful substances.
5- Nervous system / Lets us have the ability to feel, hear, see, smell and taste.
6- Reproductive system / Makes us give birth for new individuals who look like us.
1-Human Digestive System
Digestion :It’s the process of changing food from a complex form into a simple one to let the body get benefited.
Digestive System
Digestive Canal / Digestive CanalSupplementaries
1-Mouth
2-Pharynx
3-Oesophagus
4-Stomach
5-Small intestine
6-Large intestine / 1-salivary glands
2-liver
3-pancreas
1- Mouth
Is a cavity contains
a-Teeth : number 32 [each jaw has 16].
4 incisors and 2 caninesto cut and tear food into small pieces.
10 molarsto grind the food
b-Tongue : (organ of taste) it mixes up the food with saliva.
c-Salivary glands : they are three pairs, they secrete saliva which contains enzymes to digest starch into sugar.
G.R.F
When a person chews a piece of bread, it tastes sweet.
Because saliva which is produced by the salivary glands in mouth changes starch into sugar.
2- Pharynx
It is a common cavity leads to oesophagus and trachea.
3- Oesophagus
It is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
4- Stomach
It is a muscular sac, it secretes the gastric juice which contain enzymes to digest proteins partially.
5- Small intestine
It is a coiled tube seven meters in length.
It is located in the abdominal cavity.
It starts with the duodenum where bile juice and pancreatic juice are poured in.
The duodenum is followed by ileum.
Function of small intestine : Complete digestion and absorption of the food.
6- Large intestine
It starts from the end of the small intestine ending in the anus.
Function : It stores the undigested food (wastes) till it is ejected out side the body through the anus.
Digestive Canal Supplementaries
Salivary glands / Liver / Pancreas3 pairs, located in the mouth, secrete saliva to digest starch and change it into sugar / It is located on the right side of the stomach, it secretes bile which digests fats / It is located under the stomach it secretes pancreatic juice to help in food digestion
Keeping the Digestive system healthy
1-Chew the food well.
2-Do not eat fatty meals to avoid fatness.
3-Do not eat food containing artificial additives to avoid allergy and food poisoning.
4-Do not eat food from streets to avoid infectious diseases.
5-Do physical activity.
Exercises
1-Choose the right answer :
1- Digested food is absorbed in the ………………………
(oesophagus – stomach – small intestine – large intestine)
2- Starches digestion starts by the ………………..
(gastric juice – intestinal juice – saliva – bile)
3- undigested food is assembled in the …………….
(stomach – small intestine – large intestine – duodenum)
4- The stomach belongs to ………… system.
(digestive – reproductive – urinary – nervous)
5- The change of complex food into simple one is called. …………
(absorption – digestion – excretion – respiration)
6- All of the following produce juice to help in the digestion process except …………
(salivary glands – liver – pancreas – oesophagus)
7- Bile juice is secreted by ……………
(pancreas – stomach – oesophagus – liver)
8- One of the functions of the small intestine is ……….
(digesting food completely – digesting the food partially – storing of the food – converting starch into sugar)
9- Pancreatic juice and bile are poured in the …………
(oesophagus – stomach – liver – small intestine)
10- The food is partially digested in the …………….
(small intestine – stomach – large intestine – liver)
2-Complete the following statements :
1-The ………. Process is the changing the food from complex form into a simple one to let the body get benefited.
2-The digestive system consists of two main parts which are ………. and …………
3-Chemical substances that help in digestion of food are called ……….
4-The liver is located on the ……. Side of the stomach and it secretes …….
5-The food is chewed by the ………. In the mouth to break it into ….. pieces, while …… secrete saliva.
6-The cavity that extend from the mouth to the oesophagues is called the ………..
7-The ……. mixes food with the secretion of the salivary lards.
8-The undigested food is called …….. so it is removed from the body through the …………
9-Absorption of the food takes place in ……. .
10-Bile juice digests ………….
11-Liver produces …………
12-Food is partially digested in the …….., while it is completely digested in the …………….
13-The stomach is a ……….. organ.
14-The aesophagus allows the food to pass from the …….. to the ……….
15-Do not eat fatty meals to avoid …………
16-Proteins are digested in ………. and ……………
17-……………. and ……….. are examples of digestive juices in the human body.
18-Small intestine is divided into ………. and ………….
3-W.S.T.
1-A liquid secreted in the mouth and helps in starches digestion.
(………………………………….)
2-A juice is secreted by the liver and affects fats digestion.
(………………………………….)
3-An inverted (u) shaped tube at which the undigested food stored.
(………………………………….)
4-An organ in which food is digested partially.
(………………………………….)
5-A long coiled tube at which food is completely digested and absorbed.
(………………………………….)
6-Part of the small intestine where bile juice and pancreatic juice are poured in.
(………………………………….)
7-A substance that is secreted by the liver to digest fats.
(………………………………….)
8-A chemical substance that helps in the digestion of food.
(………………………………….)
9-An organ which mixes the food with saliva.
(………………………………….)
10-A tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
(………………………………….)
4-Correct the under lined words.
1-Digestion of fats begins in the mouth. (………………)
2-Pancreas pours its secretion in the stomach. (……………..)
3-Esophagus is from the digestive canal supplementaries. (……………)
4-Absorption of the digested food occurs in the pharynx. (………..……)
5-Gastric juice breaks down fats. (………..……)
5-Put ( ) or (x)
1- Gastric juice digests fats / ( )2- Saliva digests protein / ( )
3- Bile helps to digest fats. / ( )
4- The large intestine stores undigested food. / ( )
5- The pancreas belongs to the digestive canal / ( )
6- The tongue mixes food with saliva in the mouth. / ( )
7- Absorption of food takes place in the stomach / ( )
8- Digestion of food takes place before absorption / ( )
6-G.R.F.
1-We should chew food well.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2-Bile is very important.
………………………………………………………………………………..
3-When a person chews a piece of bread, it tastes sweet.
………………………………………………………………………………..
7-Look to the drawings and answer :
Drawing No1
-Number of teeth in adult person is …………..
-Function of the incisors is …………………….
-Function of molars is ………………………..
Drawing No2
-What are the organ that produces a bile juice? ……………………
-Protein digestion starts in ………………………
-Fat digestion starts in ……………………..
Drawing No3
-The function of the large intestine is …………………….
8-Label the diagram
1- ………………………….7- …………………………..
2- ………………………….8- ………………………….
3- …………………………9- …………………………..
4- …………………………10- …………………………
5- …………………………
6-……………………
This drawing represent ……………………………
9-What happens in each of the following cases :
1-Removal of small intestine from a human body.
…………………………………………………………………………….
2-Salivary glands stop secreting saliva.
…………………………………………………………………………….
3-Eat plenty of fatty meals.
…………………………………………………………………………….
Lesson No. 2
The Human Respiratory System
Respiration :
It is the process in which the air rich in oxygen enters into the two lungs and air rich in carbon dioxide is released out side the two lungs.
Benefit of Respiration :
Man needs the process of respiration to get energy needed to do all the body functions.
Structure of The Respiratory Systems
1- Nose :
- it contains hairs to filter the air from dust and microbes.
- It contains mucus.
- It contains blood capillaries to warm the entered air.
2- Pharynx :
- It is a common cavity leads to esophagus and trachea.
3- Trachea :
- It contains cilia to sweep the dirt out side.
- It also contains cartilaginous rings in its wall to keep it open all of the time.
- Larynx is situated at the top of the trachea.
-Larynx is called (voice box) because it contains 2 vocal cords which produce out voice.
-Al the top of the larynx there is the epiglottis which closes during swallowing to prevent food to enter the trachea.
- Trachea is ended by 2 branches which are called bronchi which is divided into bronchioles inside the lungs.
4- Lungs :
- They are located in the chest cavity.
- They contain many alveoli.
Which are surrounded by a net work of capillaries in which gases exchange takes place.
- Diaphragm: It is a muscle that separates chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Mechanism of respiration :
1- Inhalation process
The diaphragm muscles contract down ward and
thoracic cavity (chest cavity) enlarges and air rich
in oxygen enters the lungs.
2- Exhalation process
The diaphragm muscles relaxes upward and
thoracic cavity (chest cavity) become narrow, air rich in carbon dioxide moves out side the lungs.
3- Exchange of gases
1- Exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli which is rich in oxygen and blood in the blood capillaries which is rich in carbon dioxide gas. Through their thin walls.
* Exhaled air contains carbon dioxide gas + water vapour.
N.B. The more active your body is the more your respiration times increases.
Keeping the respiratory system healthy :
1-Avoid being in crowded places.
2-Eat fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as orange and guava to protect your self from cold.
3-Avoid smoking and smokers.
4-Avoid severe cold.
Exercises
1- Complete the following sentences :
1-………. Muscle helps the mechanism of respiration.
2-Exchange of gases occurs in alveoli between ………. and …………
3-Air enters into lungs during the process of …….. and leaves there during process of ………..
4-Man needs the process of ……….. to get ……….. needed to do all body functions.
5-The exchange of gas takes place inside the human body through the ………. System.
6-……… is the system that provides the human body with oxygen gas and takes away Co2 gas and water vapour.
7-The ………. Separates between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity.
8-When the diaphragm muscle …………. It moves down wards and the thoracic cavity …………….. .
9-The volume of the thoracic cavity increase in the ………. Process and decrease in the ………. Process.
10-………… gas enters during inhalation process, while …….. gas moves out side the lungs during exhalation process.
11-Each lung contains of ……….. that have thin walls and they are surrounded with …………. Where ………. Takes place.
12-………….. are found in the nose and warm up the inhalation air.
13-The nose contains ……….. to filter the inhaled air.
14-The ……… closes the larynx during ………..
15-Trachea has ………. To sweep out the dirt And ……….. to be opened all of the time.
2- Choose the correct answer :
1-Air enters the lungs in the process of …………..
(inhalation – exhalation – excretion – digestion)
2-Air leaves the lungs during the ……………
(exhalation – inhalation – digestion – absorption)
3-The common path of food and air is the ……………
(nose – pharynx – diaphragm – larynx )
4-The …………. Is located inside the lungs, where gas exchange takes place.
(Alveoli – Bronchioles – trachea – nose)
5-The epiglottis ……………………
(keeps air out of the trachea – keeps food out of the trachea – (Is the sound producing organ – makes enzymes)
6-The organ that is responsible for preventing food from entering the respiratory system is the ………………
(trachea – alveoli – two bronchi – epiglottis)
7-The responsible organ for producing the human voice is the ………….
(trachea – nose – mouth – larynx)
8-The muscle that help in breathing is the …………….
(pharynx – larynx – diaphragm – rib cage)
9-Gas exchange during the process of respiration occurs in the …………….
(trachea – nose – mouth – alveoli)
10-The ………… is the organ of the human respiratory system.
(heart – stomach – lungs – liver)
3- W.S.T.
1-The organ that contains hairs to filter the air from the dust.
(………………………………….)
2-The voice organ in the human body.
(………………………………….)
3-The organ that prevent food from entering the trachea.
(………………………………….)
4-An elastic membrane that separate between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity.
(………………………………….)
5-A gas which turns line water milky.
(………………………………….)
6-An organ where gas exchange takes place.
(………………………………….)
4- Put ( ) or (x)
1- Air enters lungs during inhalation process. / ( )2- When diaphragm contracts it moves upwards. / ( )
3- The increase and decrease of the thoracic cavity during respiration is called mechanism of respiration / ( )
4- When the body’s activities increase it needs more oxygen, so it needs more respiration / ( )
5- Alveoli have thick walls and surrounded by blood capillaries / ( )
5- G.R.F.
1-You should breath by the nose not the mouth.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2-Food does not enter the trachea during swallowing.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3-Presence of cilia and cartilagenous rings in the trachea.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4-The walls of the alveoli and blood capillaries are thin.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6- What happens in each of the following cases
1-Removing the epiglottis from the human body.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2-There isn’t no any mucus or hair in the nose.
………………………………………………………………………………
Lesson No. 3
The cell
The cell : is the building unit of the living organism body.
The cell : is the unit of structure and function in the living organism.
The cell performs the biological functions such as nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction.
Living organism may be animals or plants.
Structure of the cell :
Cell parts / Animal / PlantNucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Sap vacuole /
x
x
x /
- Nucleus : dark oval body
Function : It has a big role in cell division.
- Cytoplasm : fill the space of the cell.
Function: Biological operations are acted by it.
- Plasma membrane : surrounds the cell.
Function : controls the substances entering into the cell or leaving it.
- Group of cellstissue.
- Group of tissuesorgan
- Group of organssystems
- Group of systemshuman body
Some of the cell functions :
The cell carries out all the biological function
Such as : nutritionplant cell.
Motion some cells are surrounded by some cilia and flagella.
Sensation Amoeba (unicellular organism)
Keeps away when touched by a needle.
Reproduction cell divide into two symmetric cells.
Also respiration – growth – excretion.
Unicellular organisms :
They are not seen by the naked eye.
Examples : Bacteria and Yeast.
They can do all biological functions.
Yeast fungus (unicellular organism)
Structure of Yeast fungus
N.B.
Biological functions of the cells
Exercises
1- Choose the correct answer :
1-Which of the following can be existed in a plant cell and can not existed in an animal cell?
(Nucleus – chloroplast – cytoplasm – cell membrane)
2-The ………… is an example of unicellular living organisms.
(frog – snake – yeast fungus – a bean plant)
3-All the following are properties of living organisms except ……….
(motion – sensation – nutrition – magnestism)
4-All the following can be found in yeast fungus except …….
(cytoplasm – chloroplast – nucleus – cell wall)
5-The building and functional unit in the body of the living organism is the ……………….. (cell – tissue – organ – system)
6-In both animal and plant cells the ……….. exists.
(sap vacuole – nucleus – cell wall – chloroplast)
7-A group of tissues make up ……………..
(a cell – an organ – a system a body)
8-The group of similar cells that do the same function is called ………….
(an organ – a tissue – a system – a cell wall)
9-They system in the human body is composed of a group of ………….
(organs – tissues – different cells – similar cells)
10-The yeast fungus is used in a lot of industries such as ……….
(making clothes – making bread – making papers – making soda)
11-Which of the following is considered as an organ ………… ?
(yeast fungus – heart – epidermis of onion plant – bean plant)
12-A tissue is …………..
( a group of organs – a group of systems – a group of different cells in structure and function – a group of similar cells in structure and function).
2- Complete the following statements :
1-Living organisms are classified into ……… and ……….
2-The human body consists of small building units called the ………..
3-Each living cell has an oval shaped body which is called …………..
4-The fluid in which all the cell components are suspended is called the …….
5-The cytoplasm is surrounded by …………..
6-The chloroplast exists in the …………… cells.
7-The cell wall characterizes the ………… cell than the ………. call.
8-The plant cells are characterized by the presence of ……….. and ………
9-A tissue is composed of many similar ………..
10-Tissues join together to make ………………..
11-Examples of unicellular organisms are ……….. and …………
12-The yeast fungus can not be seen by ………. eye.
13-The economic importance of the yeast fungus is making ………. and making ………….
14-The living organism body is made up of systems integrated with each other and every system is made up of ………. Containing ……. each of them has its own function.
3- Write Scientific term
1- The building unit of the living organism.(……………………………….)
2- A dark oval body inside the cytoplasm of the living cell.
(……………………………….)
3- A gelatinous liquid that Surrounds the nucleus of the living cell and contain some structures. (……………………………….)
4- A vacuole in the plant cell.(……………………………….)
5- A group of organs that work together.(……………………………….)
6- A unicellular organism used in making bread and alcohol.
(……………………………….)
7- Small organelles that spread in the cytoplasm of the plant cells and make photosynthesis process. (……………………………….)
4- G.R.F
1-Cells of leaves in plants have a green colour.
……………………………………………………………………………….
2-The heart is considered an organ.
……………………………………………………………………………….
5- Put ( ) or (x)
1- The plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall / ( )2- Chloroplasts exist in both animal and plant cells / ( )
3- The living cells contain cytoplasm / ( )
4- All body cells are similar in shape. / ( )
5- The system is a group of tissues working together. / ( )
6- The yeast fungus is multicellular organism. / ( )
6- Compare the structure of the plant cell, animal cell and yeast fungus in the opposite table
Comparison / Plant cell / Animal cell / Yeast fungusNucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
7- Name three functions a cell can do.
1-………………………………………………………………………………
2-……………………………………………………………………………….
3-………………………………………………………………………….……
8- Give an example to each of the following
1-A unicellular organism ……………………………………………...……..
2-An organ related to the digestive system in the human body …….……….
3-A system that carries out the transport function in the human body.
………………………………………………………………………………
9- What happens in each of the following cases :