Name __KEY__40 points__6 points; 1 point per page______Period _____

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Study Guide

All vocab ¼ point each= 6 points

1.1  Energy for Life

1.  Vocabulary to know:

A.  ATP / energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes
B.  Autotroph/ Producer / organism that makes its own food
C.  Cellular Respiration / process in which cells break down glucose and make ATP for energy
D.  Energy / ability to do work
E.  Glucose / simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6H12O6 that is the nearly universal food for life
F.  Heterotroph/ Consumer / organism that consumes other organisms for food
G.  Photosynthesis / process of using the energy in sunlight to make food (glucose)

2.  How do autotrophs and heterotrophs obtain their energy? 1/2 point

Autoà make own food directly from sunlight

Heteroà consume others for energy

Hetero depend on Auto

Hetero would die out without Auto

3.  What is the ultimate source of all energy? ½ point

Sunlight

4.  Recognize the components of an ADP and ATP molecule (refer to your packet). 1/2 point

Adenosine base, pentose sugar and the phosphate groups in the ATP molecule below.

5.  Be able to explain how energy is released from ATP, what happens to release the energy? 1 point

Break chemical bond between 2 phosphate groups and reduce to ADP; released energy used for biological processes of cells (active transport, movement within the cell)

6.  Why do living things need both glucose and ATP as sources of energy? Explain in detail. 2 points

A molecule of glucose contains more chemical energy in a smaller ‘‘package” than a molecule of ATP.

Glucose is also more stable than ATP. Therefore, glucose is better for storing and transporting energy.

However, glucose is too powerful for cells to use. ATP, on the other hand, contains just the right amount of energy to power life processes within cells. For these reasons, both glucose and ATP are needed by living things.

7.  Known the equations for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

3 points; equations 1/2 point each, other answers ½ point each

1. Photosynthesis: enzymes, chlorophyll

Ruben-Kamen photosynthetic equation:

Organelle it happens in: __CHLOROPLASTS___

Stores energy Releases energy (Circle one)

2. Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------à 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Organelle it happens in: __MITOCHONDRIA____

Stores energy Releases energy (Circle one)

8.  Know how to read an equation and differentiate between reactants and products. No points

REACTANTS -----à PRODUCTS

1.2  Photosynthesis: Sugar as Food

9.  Vocabulary to know:

H.  Calvin cycle
(Light-Independent Reactions) / second stage of photosynthesis in which carbon atoms from carbon dioxide are combined, using the energy in ATP and NADPH, to make glucose
I.  Chemosynthesis / process of using the energy in chemical compounds to make food
J.  Chlorophyll / green pigment in a chloroplast that absorbs sunlight in the light reactions of photosynthesis
K.  Chloroplasts / Organelle in the cell in which the process of photosynthesis takes place
L.  Electron Transport Chain / series of electron-transport molecules that pass high-energy electrons from molecule to molecule and capture their energy
M.  Light-Dependent reactions / first stage of photosynthesis in which light energy from the sun is captured and changed into chemical energy that is stored in ATP and NADPH
N.  Stoma / Pores on the surface of leaves that allow water to be released during transpiration
O.  Stroma / space outside the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis takes place
P.  Thylakoid membrane / membrane in a chloroplast where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur

10.  What else does photosynthesis require other than water, carbon dioxide, and light? ½ point

Chlorophyll- pigment found in chloroplasts and enzymes

11.  What does chlorophyll do? ½ point

Capture the sun’s energy

12.  What wavelength colors does chlorophyll absorb and what wavelength colors does it reflect? ½ point

Red and blue absorbed; green reflected

13.  What process takes place in the chloroplast? ½ point

Photosynthesis

14.  Where do you find photosystems I & II? ½ point

In the thylakoid membrane; they resemble protein channels we studied in the cell membrane

15.  What are the two stages of photosynthesis? ½ point

Light-dependent reactions & Calvin cycle

16.  Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? ½ point

Thylakoids

17.  Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle or Dark Reactions) take place? ½ point

Stroma

18.  What is the energy source for the light-dependent reactions? The Calvin cycle? ½ point

Sunlight; ATP and/NADPH (optional)

19.  Know all the reactants and products of the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (refer back to your packet; page 3). 3 ½ points; 1/4 point each

Light –Dependent Reactions: Calvin Cycle:

Energy Source: _light______Energy Source: ___ATP______

Reactants: _H2O______Reactants: __CO2______

_NADP+______NADPH______

_ADP + P______ATP______

Products: __O2______Products: __Sugars______

__NADPH______NADP+______

__ATP______ADP + P ______

20.  Know all the steps of the light-dependent reactions (refer to your packet; page 4).

BONUS QUESTION ON TEST> 2 points; ¼ point each

1.  Pigments (chlorophyll) in PSII and PSI absorb light

2.  Water molecule is split=> O, H+ ions, and 2 e-

3.  H+ create electrochemical gradient

4.  e- move from PSII to PSI along electron transport chain

5.  NADP+ converted to NADPH

6.  e- re-energized

7.  ADP converted into ATP in ATP synthase

8.  ATP and NADPH go to Calvin cycle as reactants to provide an energy source

21.  Know the three main factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis. ½ point

Intensity of light, temperature, amount of water

22.  Know the energy sources for chemosynthesis. ½ point

Hydrogen sulfides, ammonia, and methane

1.3 Powering the Cell: Cellular Respiration

23.  Vocabulary to know:

Q.  Aerobic respiration / type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen
R.  Anaerobic respiration / type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen
S.  Glycolysis / first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is split, in the absence of oxygen, to form two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and two (net) molecules of ATP
T.  Krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle) / second stage of aerobic respiration in which two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules from the first stage react to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2
U.  Electron Transport Chain / series of electron-transport molecules that pass high-energy electrons from molecule to molecule and capture their energy

24.  What is cellular respiration? What processes are involved? Which organelle does cellular respiration take place in? 3 points

Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Processes involved = glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain.

Mitochondria.

25.  Understand that glycolysis begins the process of releasing energy from glucose. Where does it take place? ½ point

Cytoplasm of the cell outside the mitochondria.

26.  What is produced during glycolysis? Where does the product go after glycolysis? 1 point

Pyruvic acid; to the Krebs cycle in aerobic conditions/ to fermentation in anaerobic conditions.

27.  What type of process is glycolysis: aerobic/ anaerobic? ½ point

Anaerobic.

28.  What is the net gain of ATP molecules at the end of glycolysis? ½ point

2 ATP molecules net…

29.  Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria? ½ point

Matrix of the mitochondria

30.  What is its other name for the Krebs cycle and why is it called this? 1 point

Citric Acid cycle b/c 1st product made during the Krebs cycle

31.  How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle? What else is produced? 1 point

Each turn of the cyle = 1 ATP 5 pairs of high-energy electrons, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2

32.  Where is the Electron Transport Chain in the mitochondria? ½ point

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

33.  What does the Electron Transport Chain do in the cellular respiration process? ½ point

Converts ADP to ATP

34.  How many ATP are produced during cellular respiration? 1 point

36 between Krebs and electron transport chain; 2 more net from glycolysis = 38 ATP

35.  What types of organisms go through cellular respiration: eukaryoyes/ prokaryotes? ½ point

Both

36.  Know which pathways of cellular respiration are aerobic? Which are anaerobic? 1 point

Aerobic= Krebs & Electron transport chain; anaerobic = glycolysis, alcoholic fermentation, and lactic acid fermentation

1.4 Anaerobic Respiration

37.  Vocabulary to know:

V.  Alcoholic fermentation / type of anaerobic respiration that includes glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide and the formation of NAD+
W.  Fermentation / type of anaerobic respiration that includes glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to one or more other compounds and the formation of NAD+
X.  Lactic Acid Fermentation / type of anaerobic respiration that includes glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid and the formation of NAD+

38.  What does fermentation do? ½ point

It releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen

39.  What are the two main types of fermentation? ½ point

Alcoholic & Lactic Acid

pyruvic acid + NADH à ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

40.  What types of organisms carry out alcoholic fermentation? ½ point

Yeast and other microorganisms(some bacteria)

41.  What goes into alcoholic fermentation? From where? What are its products? ½ point

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis; Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

pyruvic acid + NADH à lactic acid + NAD+

42.  What types of organisms carry out lactic acid fermentation? ½ point

Bacteria in yogurt; humans in muscle cells

43.  What does lactic acid fermentation produce? How is the excess gotten rid of? ½ point

Lactic acid build-up; by in-taking oxygen

44.  What happens to muscles because of this lactic acid fermentation? ½ point

Lactic acid builds up and soreness and aches develop