Table 1 Characteristics of Prospective Cohort Studies of Meat Consumption and Esophageal

Table 1 Characteristics of prospective cohort studies of meat consumption and esophageal cancer risk a

Author, year, region / Journal / No. of cases
(outcome) / Cohort size, cohort name and duration of follow-up / Type of cancer / Type of meat / Consumption categories / Adjusted RR (95%CI) / Adjusted variables / Quality score (0-10)
Kinjo Y, 1998, Japan / J Epidemiol / 440 (mortality) / 220272 men and women, 15y / Esophageal cancer / Meat
Fish / ≤1-3 times/month
≥4 times/week
≤1-3 times/month
≥4 times/week / 1.0 (Referent)
1.11 (0.77-2.00)
1.0 (Referent)
1.11 (0.67-1.67) / Age, sex, prefecture, and occupation / 9
Tran GD, 2005, China / Int J Cancer / 1958 (incidence) / 29584 men and women,Linxian General Population Trial, 15y / Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma / Meat
(times/year) / ≤4
>4-9
>9-12
>12 / 1.0 (Referent)
0.92 (0.81-1.04)
0.94 (0.84-1.05)
0.73 (0.62-0.86) / Age, and sex / 8
González CA, 2006, Europe / J Natl Cancer Inst / 65 (incidence) / 521457 men and women, European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and
Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, 6.5y / Esophageal adenocarcinoma / Total meat
(grams/day)
Red meat
(grams/day)
Processed meat
(grams/day)
Poultry
(grams/day) / 0-78, 0-53 b
78-119, 53-86
119-166, 86-121
Per 50 g/d
0-26, 0-17
26-52, 17-36
52-84, 36-61
Per 50 g/d
0-16, 0-9
16-34, 9-20
34-59, 20-37
Per 50 g/d
0-7, 0-9
7-16, 9-20
16-29, 20-37
Per 50 g/d / 1.0 (Referent)
0.96 (0.48-1.93)
1.79 (0.86-3.75)
1.84 (0.78-4.39)
1.0 (Referent)
1.73 (0.86-3.48)
1.67 (0.75-3.72)
0.75 (0.26-2.13)
1.0 (Referent)
2.08 (0.96-4.47)
3.54 (1.57-7.99)
1.44 (0.64-3.22)
1.0 (Referent)
1.29 (0.67-2.49)
1.93 (0.99-3.76)
1.14 (1.00-1.30) / Sex, height, weight, education, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, fruits and vegetable intake, and other meats intake. / 9
Fan Y, 2008, China / Nutr Cancer / 101 (incidence) / 18244 men, Shanghai Cohort Study, 20y / Esophageal cancer (68 ESCC, 8 EAC, 1 with other and 24 with unknown histological types) / Meat
Tertiles
Fish and seafood products
Tertiles / T1
T2
T3
T1
T2
T3 / 1.0 (Referent)
1.04 (0.66-1. 46)
0.81 (0.49-1.34)
1.0 (Referent)
1.07 (0.67-1.70)
0.59 (0.36-0.97) / Age, year of interview, residence, education, BMI, smoking and alcohol drinking / 9
Cross AJ, 2011, USA / Am J Gastroenterol / 845 (incidence) / 494979 men and women, The NIH-AARP Diet and Health study, 10y / Esophageal cancer (215 ESCC, 630 EAC) / Red meat
Quintile median (grams/1000kcal)
Processed meat
Quintile median (grams/1000kcal)
White meat
Quintile median (grams/1000kcal) / 10.0 c
21.9
32.2
44.1
64.8
Per 10g/1000kcal
10.0 d
21.9
32.2
44.1
64.8
Per 10g/1000kcal
1.7
4.5
7.8
12.6
23.2
Per 10g/1000kcal
1.7
4.5
7.8
12.6
23.2
Per 10g/1000kcal
9.7
18.9
28.0
40.3
65.8
Per 10g/1000kcal
9.7
18.9
28.0
40.3
65.8
Per 10g/1000kcal / ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
1.18 (0.71-1.96)
1.34 (0.80-2.22)
1.19 (0.70-2.01)
1.79 (1.07-3.01)
1.06 (1.00-1.13)
EAC
1.0 (Referent)
1.18 (0.87-1.59)
1.00 (0.74-1.37)
1.17 (0.87-1.59)
1.15 (0.84-1.57)
1.01 (0.98-1.06)
ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
1.03 (0.64-1.66)
0.86 (0.52-1.42)
1.15 (0.72-1.86)
1.32 (0.83-2.10)
1.08 (0.96-1.21)
EAC
1.0 (Referent)
0.92 (0.68-1.24)
0.98 (0.74-1.32)
0.91 (0.68-1.22)
1.08 (0.81-1.43)
1.03 (0.96-1.11)
ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
0.84 (0.56-1.25)
0.92 (0.62-1.37)
0.73 (0.47-1.12)
0.69 (0.44-1.08)
0.96 (0.90-1.02)
EAC
1.0 (Referent)
0.92 (0.73-1.16)
0.82 (0.64-1.05)
0.88 (0.69-1.13)
0.84 (0.65-1.09)
0.98 (0.95-1.02) / Age, education, sex, BMI, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity daily intake of fruits , vegetables, saturated fat and calories / 10
Daniel CR, 2011, USA / Cancer Prev Res (Phila) / 718 (incidence) / 492186 men and women, The NIH-AARP Diet and Health study, 9y / Esophageal cancer (185 ESCC, 533 EAC) / Poultry
Quartiles
Fish
Quartiles / Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5 / ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
0.97 (0.66-1.42)
0.67 (0.43-1.05)
0.44 (0.26-0.76)
0.69 (0.42-1.13)
EAC
1.0 (Referent)
0.92 (0.71-1.19)
0.85 (0.65-1.11)
1.03 (0.79-1.35)
0.95 (0.72-1.26)
ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
0.95 (0.62-1.47)
0.99 (0.63-1.55)
0.93 (0.58-1.48)
0.98 (0.61-1.59)
EAC
1.0 (Referent)
0.94 (0.73-1.21)
0.88 (0.68-1.14)
0.83 (0.63-1.09)
0.78 (0.59-1.03) / Red meat intake, age, sex, education, marital status, family history of cancer, race, body mass index, smoking status, frequency of vigorous physical activity, menopausal hormone therapy in women, and intake of alcohol, fruit, vegetables, and total energy; mutually adjusted for intake of fish or poultry / 10
Keszei AP, 2012, Netherlands / Ann Oncol / 252 (114 EAC and 59 ESCC men; 31 EAC and 48 ESCC women) (incidence) / 120852 (58279 men, 62573 women), The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer, 16.3y / Esophageal cancer (107 ESCC, 145 EAC) / Red meat
Quintile/tertile median
(grams/day)
Processed meat
Quintile/tertile median
(grams/day) / 45.8
72.5
89.3
107.5
145.9
Per 50 g/d
45.8
72.5
89.3
107.5
145.9
Per 50 g/d
46.9
77.9
115.9
Per 50 g/d
46.9
77.9
115.9
Per 50 g/d
3.7
10.8
17.2
26.1
45.5
Per 50 g/d
3.7
10.8
17.2
26.1
45.5
Per 50 g/d
3.5
11.9
26.0
Per 50 g/d
3.5
11.9
26.0
Per 50 g/d / Men, ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
1.86 (0.65-5.33)
1.83 (0.64-5.28)
2.15 (0.76-6.11)
2.66 (0.94-7.48)
1.32 (0.95-1.84)
Men, EAC
1.0 (Referent)
1.06 (0.56-2.03)
0.98 (0.52-1.85)
1.37 (0.76-2.47)
0.57 (0.28-1.19)
0.84 (0.67-1.07)
Women, ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
0.84 (0.39-1.84)
0.87 (0.42-1.79)
0.97 (0.64-1.47)
Women, EAC
1.0 (Referent)
0.74 (0.29-1.94)
1.09 (0.44-2.75)
0.96 (0.58-1.60)
Men, ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
2.53 (0.94-6.77)
2.05 (0.70-6.01)
1.73 (0.60-4.98)
3.47 1.21-9.94)
2.15 (1.14-4.08)
Men, EAC
1.0 (Referent)
0.80 (0.42-1.53)
0.76 (0.40-1.45)
1.07 (0.58-1.97)
0.94 (0.46-1.89)
0.88 (0.50-1.53)
Women, ESCC
1.0 (Referent)
0.71 (0.32-1.55)
0.63 (0.28-1.44)
0.37 (0.09-1.52)
Women, EAC
1.0 (Referent)
1.11 (0.46-2.70)
0.58 (0.22-1.50)
0.71 (0.14-3.45) / Age, smoking, energy intake, BMI, alcohol intake, vegetable intake, fruit intake, education and non-occupational physical activity / 10

a RR = relative risk (rate ratio or hazard ratio); CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; ESCC=esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EAC=esophageal adenocarcinoma.

b Range of consumption among men and women, respectively.

c Median consumption among quintiles or tertiles.