Name:______Date:______Period:______

Introduction to Macromolecules Online Interactive Activity

Please follow along the activity using the websites listed below and complete the questions while working through each activity.

Biomolecules – The Carbohydrates

Please type in the following URL and complete the fill in the blank questions as you click through the activity.

Click Next and complete the questions below as you follow through the activity.

  1. Carbohydrates are organic molecules with the general formula of ______in __:__:__ ratio.

They provide the raw fuel for ______production.

Carbohydrates are classified according to molecular size and ______. In general, the ______molecules are more ______than the ______ones.

  1. ______include glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose.

A single unit of ______, monosaccharides, are the ______carbohydrates.

  • Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar (hexose) is the sugar in our blood.
  • Fructose is the sugar that sweetens fruit.
  • Galactose is the sugar found in milk.

Fructose and Galactose have the same chemical formula as ______and are therefore ______of glucose. Isomers have the same ______but a ______arrangement of their atoms and have different properties.

Draw the structure of glucose below (the structure drawn right above the word glucose):

  1. Glucose can have a straight ______of ______atoms or, more commonly, form a ______structure.Two other 5-carbon sugars or ______(called pentose) used in ______synthesis are deoxyribose and ribose.

Draw the structure of deoxyribose below:

  1. ______include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. _____ monosaccharides are joined together by ______synthesis to form a disaccharide molecule.
  2. Sucrose (table sugar)
  3. ______+ ______= sucrose + ______
  4. Lactose (milk sugar)
  5. ______+ ______= lactose + water
  6. Maltose (malt sugar)
  7. Glucose + glucose = ______+ water
  1. ______include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

These long, chain-like polymers make ideal storage products due to their ______.

  • ______is the storage molecule synthesized from glucose by plants.
  • ______, which is also synthesized by plants for cell wall construction, is indigestible because we lack enzymes for it. Cellulose provides fiber to promote peristalsis.
  • ______is the carbohydrate storage molecule found in ______and ______cells. When blood ______levels drop, liver cells hydrolyze glycogen and release ______to the ______.

Biomolecules – The Lipids

Please type in the following URL and complete the fill in the blank questions as you click through the activity.

Click Next and complete the questions below as you follow through the activity.

  1. Lipids are organic molecules that are ______in water.

Three examples of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

  • Neutral fats (______)
  • ______fatty acid chains attach to a single ______molecule by ______synthesis. Neutral fats store ______fuel, ______body tissues, and ______organs.

  • The building blocks of neutral fat molecules are the ______(three are attached to a glycerol molecule). Fatty acid chains differ in the ______of the chain, although the chains have an ______number of carbons.
  • ______(shown below) have ______bonds between the carbon atoms. They originate from animal sources and are ______at room temperature.
  • Other fatty acids do not bind their maximum number of ______due to double bonding between ______atoms in the chain.
  • Fatty acids with one ______bond are ______, while those with two or more ______bonds are ______fatty acids.
  • ______fats (shown below) originate from ______and are ______at room temperature.
  • Phospholipids
  • These modified ______have one of the fatty acid chains replace by a ______group.
  • ______(phosphoglycerides) have a nonpolar ______portion and a ______portion.
  • ______layers of ______form the chief component of all ______.
  • Two layers of phospholipid molecules self-assemble so that their water soluble (______) heads form the ______and interior of the membrane, and the water insoluble (______) tails face ______other.
  • Label the Phopholipid bilayer below:
  • Cholesterol
  • The cholesterol molecule has ______interconnected ______rings.
  • Cholesterol helps to ______all animal cell membranes. It is used by the body to synthesize steroid ______such as the sex hormones and hormones of the adrenal cortex, in Vitamin ___ synthesis, and in the synthesis of bile.

Biomolecules – The Proteins

Please type in the following URL and complete the fill in the blank questions as you click through the activity.

Click Next and complete the questions below as you follow through the activity.

  1. Proteins of “prime importance” comprise ____ to ____ percent of cell mass and have many physiological functions. All enzymes, blood proteins, hemoglobin, and antibodies are functional ______. All proteins contain ___, ___, ___,and ___ and have many other elements as well.

Proteins are built from ___ common building blocks called ______.

Differences in the ___-group identify the various ______.

  1. The ______of a protein molecule is determined by the ______of amino acids connected by ______bonds forming a polypeptide chain. (The key to the sequence is in the ______molecule.)

Depending upon the protein, it could have fewer than ______amino acids or as many as several ______in its chain.

  1. Depending upon a protein’s ______sequences, the chain could use hydrogen bonding to form a ______into coils or pleats.
  1. Still more bonding and ______can create the final dimensional shape or conformation of the ______. The final ______shape determines the protein’s ______.

The conformation of protein is vulnerable to destruction by high temperatures, wrong pH, radiation, and chemicals. Many proteins are denatured this way.

Click on the “Construction of the Cell Membrane” and answer the following questions.

  1. What is the cell membrane mainly composed of?
  1. Its framework consists of a double layer of?
  1. Label and draw the two examples of molecules in the cell membrane and the three examples of globular shaped proteins.
  1. Because the cell membrane is mostly lipid, it allows only what types of substances to go through it? List three examples of these.
  1. What do water soluble substances need the help of for transport? List four examples of water soluble substances.
  1. Draw the phospholipid bilayer, making sure to label the Hydophobic tails and the Hydophilic heads.
  1. As you click through the remaining slides add and label the following to your cell membrane:
  • Fibrous proteins/cell receptors
  • Globular proteins/pores (Be sure to show the H2O molecules and the direction they are moving!)
  • Channel proteins for transport (Be sure to show the Na+ molecules and the direction they are moving)
  • Glycoprotein
  • Cholesterol

STOP when you get to the slide on cholesterol. Click the back button and flip back through the slides as you need. Once you have completed your sketch click the next button and complete the activity questions.

Once you have completed the 10 activity questions exit out that tab and return to where you left off at Proteins.

  1. Animal protein molecules contain repeated use of all ___ amino acids and are known as ______proteins. Most plant proteins are incomplete in that ______all 20 amino acids are used in the ______of each type of plant protein molecule. Vegetarians, therefore, eat a variety of plant materials to get all of the ______they need for their own protein ______.

Nucleotides

Type in the following website .

Answer the questions below as you read through and complete the activities online.

  1. In 1953, who published the first accurate model of the structure of the DNA molecule?
  1. Dr. Phoebus Levene determined that each nucleotide building block of DNA is made up of what?
  1. What are the four nitrogenous bases and their abbreviations?
  1. How are nucleotides linked?
  1. What is the problem if DNA had a fixed, repetitive sequence? Why was this theory incorrect?
  1. Why does it make sense that the nucleotides change their order?
  1. What did Erwin Chargaff do?
  1. What did he find? Which nucleotide levels were very close to each other?
  1. How did Chargaff’s study disproved Levene’s theory of equal amounts of A, T, G, and C?
  1. How are the nucleotides arranged instead?
  1. What technique did Linus Pauling to discover the corkscrew-shaped structure found in many proteins called the alpha - helix?
  1. The resulting diffraction pattern is a unique what of the molecule?
  1. Who made the two DNA X-ray diffraction patterns?
  1. The distinctive X in the X-ray photo is the telltale pattern of what shape?
  1. Draw an example of this shape.
  1. Based on the X-ray pattern the dimensions of the helix must also be consistent so the what must the diameter of the helix do?
  1. How did Watson and Crick determine which nucleotide bases paired up with each other?
  1. Which nucleotide bases pair with each other?
  1. How many hydrogen bonds are there when guanine pairs with cytosine? And Adenine with Thymine?
  1. DNA is like a twisted ladder, what makes up the rails and what makes up the rungs?
  1. What does it mean that the nucleotide rungs are complementary to each other?