MARS 294 – Spring 2013

Review Sheet - Third Exam

I. Arthropoda

- Jointed appendages, exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract, basic anatomy

A.  Chelicerata – Representatives, general characteristics

1.  Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) – Basic anatomy, characteristics

2.  Pycnogonida (sea spiders) – Basic anatomy, characteristics

B.  Crustacea – General characteristics, basic anatomy, molting

1.  Decapoda (lobsters, crabs, shrimps) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance, representatives, larval forms

2.  Copepoda – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance

3.  Euphausiacea (krill) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance

4.  Amphipoda – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance

5.  Isopoda – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance

6.  Cirripedia (barnacles) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance

7.  Stomatopoda – Basic anatomy, characteristics, importance

II. Chaetognatha (arrow worms) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, diet

III. Protostomes, Deuterostomes – Basic characteristics

IV. Echinodermata

- Pentaradial symmetry, complete digestive tract, endoskeleton, water vascular system

  1. Asteroidea (sea stars) – Basic anatomy (ambulacral grooves, pedicellariae), characteristics, diet, ecological role
  2. Ophiuroidea (brittle, serpent, basket stars) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, diet
  3. Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits) – Basic anatomy (regular, irregular), characteristics, diet
  4. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) – Basic anatomy (respiratory tree), characteristics, diet
  5. Crinoidea (feather stars, sea lilies) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, diet

V. Hemichordata

A.  Enteropneusta (acorn worms) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, diet

VI. Chordata

- Characteristics (dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, notochord, postanal tail)

  1. Urochordata (tunicates)
  2. Ascidiacea (sea squirts) – Basic anatomy (solitary, colonial; tunic, incurrent siphon, excurrent siphon, feeding basket), characteristics (tadpole larva), diet
  3. Thaliacea (salps) – Basic anatomy, characteristics
  4. Larvacea (appendicularians) – Basic anatomy (house), characteristics, diet
  5. Cephalochordata (lancelets) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, diet
  6. Vertebrata (vertebrates) – Basic anatomy (brain, skull), characteristics

VII. Fishes

- Oldest vertebrate group

  1. Agnatha (hagfishes, lampreys) – Unpaired fins, no jaws
  1. Myxini (hagfishes) – Basic anatomy, behavior, characteristics, diet
  2. Petromyzontida (lampreys) – Basic anatomy, characteristics, diet, reproduction
  1. Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) – cartilage skeleton, movable jaws, ventral mouth, unpaired (dorsal, caudal, anal) and paired (pectoral, pelvic) fins, placoid scales
  1. Sharks – Fusiform body, heterocercal tail, structure of fins, gill slits, examples, diet, reproduction
  2. Rays, Skates – Dorsoventrally flattened body, demersal, structure of fins, examples, diet, reproduction
  3. Ratfishes – Basic anatomy, distribution, diet
  1. Sarcopterygii (lobefin fishes) – Coelacanths, lungfishes, characteristics
  2. Actinopterygii/Osteichthyes (bony fishes) – bone skeleton; scales: ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid; bony operculum; homocercal tail; terminal mouth; swim bladder, comparison with Chondrichthyes

VIII. Fishes – Biology

  1. Body shape – Strongly related to lifestyle
  1. Fusiform, streamlined – Sustained high speeds, examples, adaptations of tuna for fast swimming
  2. Laterally compressed – Slow cruising, occasional bursts, examples
  3. Flattened – Sedentary, often demersal, examples
  4. Unusual, irregular – Often with camouflage, examples
  5. Elongate, eel-like – Cryptic, live in tunnels/crevices, examples
  1. Coloration – Chromatophores, iridophores, structural colors
  1. Aposematic – Function, examples
  2. Cryptic – Function, examples
  3. Disruptive – Function, examples
  4. Obliterative countershading – Function, examples
  1. Locomotion – Myomeres, general characteristics
  1. Sharks – No swim bladder, generate lift with buoyant oily liver, heterocercal tail
  2. Skates and Rays – Generate lift with large pectoral fins
  3. Bony fishes – Buoyancy from swim bladder
  4. Eel-like – Undulation of body, examples (moray eel)
  5. Caudal – Tail + body, examples (tuna, mackerel)
  6. Pectoral – Pectoral fins, examples (surgeonfishes, wrasses)
  7. Dorsal/Anal – Dorsal + anal fin, examples (triggerfishes)
  8. Other – Various, examples (trunkfishes)
  1. Respiratory System
  2. Irrigation of gills
  3. Chondrichthyes – Force water over gills by swimming, individual gill chambers, gill slits, spiracles
  4. Actinopterygii/Osteichthyes – Common gill chamber, operculum, ventilation mechanism
  5. Structure of gills – Gill arches, gill filaments, gill rakers, lamellae
  6. Gas exchange – Diffusion, countercurrent exchange
  7. Osmoregulation
  8. Chondrichthyes – Isosmotic or slightly hyperosmotic, retain urea and TMAO, absorb water, large volumes of hypotonic urine (glomerular kidneys, rectal gland)
  9. Actinopterygii/Osteichthyes – Hypo-osmotic, drink seawater, excrete salt (often aglomerular kidneys, chloride cells), small volumes of isotonic or hypertonic urine
  10. Buoyancy Regulation
  11. Chondrichthyes – Large liver (squalene), continuous swimming
  12. Sarcopterygii – Lipid-filled swim bladder
  13. Actinopterygii/Osteichthyes – Gas-filled swim bladder, physostomes, physoclists, gas gland, Root effect
  14. Sensory Systems
  15. Smell/Taste – Olfactory sacs, nares, imprinting, taste buds
  16. Lateral line – Structure (canals, neuromasts), function
  17. Inner ears – Structure (otoliths), function
  18. Electroreception – Structure (ampullae of Lorenzini), function, experimental evidence
  19. Feeding
  20. Chondrichthyes
  21. Bite pieces from large prey – Strategies, examples (tiger shark, great white shark, cookie cutter shark)
  22. Ingest smaller prey whole – Examples (nurse shark)
  23. Filter plankton – Structures, examples (whale shark, basking shark, megamouth shark, manta ray)
  24. Actinopterygii/Osteichthyes
  25. Capture large prey whole – Characteristics, examples (barracudas, frogfishes)
  26. Crushers – Characteristics, examples (pufferfishes, porcupinefish, boxfishes)
  27. Pickers – Characteristics, examples (butterflyfishes)
  28. Grazers – Characteristics, examples (parrotfishes, surgeonfishes)
  29. Plankton feeders – Characteristics, examples (sardines, anchovies, herrings)
  30. Reproduction
  31. Modes – Oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity
  32. Strategies – Pelagic, benthic, brood hiders, guarders, bearers, examples
  33. Hermaphroditism - Synchronous, sequential, protogyny, protandry, examples
  34. Larval development – Planktotrophic, lecithotrophic

Review Session: Monday, April 15, 5:30-7:30 pm, ST261