Mr. Freidhoff’s Biology Keystone Study Guide
(7thEdition)
Tips for taking the Biology Keystone Test
- Read and then reread the question. Logicallythink about what the question is asking for.
- Think of the answer before you look at the list of answers. Check the list and apply the answers to the question.
- Cross off answers you know are incorrect.
- Don’t let long paragraph questions confuse you, REREAD the question and try your best!
- Look for key scientific terminology in the answer that relates to the question.
- Don’t get frustrated if you don’t know the answer to one question. Move on and keep working hard!
- When answering the written response questions, write as much as you can. The more you write, the better of a chance you have of receiving a higher score, unless it specifically asks for a short answer.
- The more scientific terminology you use, the better.
Science of Biology
-Biology: “Bio” meaning Life, “ology” meaning study of
-Main Concept of Biology: Living things are made of units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtainand use materials and energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, and change over time.
-Homeostasis: Processes an organism uses to regulate its internal environment.
- Ex: when you are hot you sweat, when you are cold you shiver.
Molecules of Life
-Monomers to Polymers
- Sugars – Carbohydrates
- Fats – Lipids
- Amino Acids – Proteins
- Nucleotides – Nucleic Acid
-ATP is a high energy molecule we use to power our cellular process.
Parts of the Cell
-Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
- Prokaryotic cells are single celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus.
- Eukaryotic organisms are multicellular organisms who cells have a nucleus.
-3 differences between plant and animal cells: Plant cells have chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell well.
Cell Transport
-Active Transport: movement of molecules across a membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration that REQUIRES energy (ATP)
- Protein channels, Endocytosis; Exocytosis, Sodium Potassium Pump
-Passive Transport: movement of molecules across a membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration that does NOT require energy
- Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
Enzymes
-Enzymes are large molecules that speed of rates of reaction (catalysts)
-Enzymes acts as a lock, while the substrate that is change acts like its key.
Life Processes
-Cellular Respiration: Process where chemical energy is converted to ATP in the Mitochondrion
- C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy
-Photosynthesis: Process where light energy is combined with CO2 and H2O to create sugar molecules
- CO2 + H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + O2
Cell Cycle
-Interphase: G1, S, G2
-Mitotic phase: Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Mitosis
-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
-All body cells divide by this process
-Creates two genetically identical daughter cells
-Creates two diploid cells (2n), full set of genetic info
Meiosis
-Sex cells (Sperm/Eggs) divide in this process
-Creates 4 genetically different daughter cells
-These four cells are haploid (n), half the set of genetic information
DNA/RNA
-Blueprint for life, codes for proteins
-Nucleotides are made up of three parts: Nitrogenous base, Phosphate group, Sugar Molecule
-DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
-Central Dogma of Molecular Biology = DNA →RNA →Proteins
Genetic Terminology
-Gene: a discrete unit of hereditary information that usually specifies a protein; a region of DNA located on a chromosome that specifies a trait
-Genotype: the genetic make-up of an individual.
-Phenotype: the physical or chemical expression of an organism’s genes.
-Dominant allele: (Capital Letter: A) An allele that is always expressed when present, regardless of whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for that gene.
-Recessive allele:(Lower case Letter: a)An allele that is only expressed when the organism is homozygous for that allele and not expressed when heterozygous (when paired with a dominant allele).
-Homozygous: possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene (Ex: AA, aa).
-Heterozygous: possessing a pair of unlike alleles for a particular gene (Ex: Aa).
-Mutation: Error in the genetic code, sometimes creates a new phenotype.
-Haploid (n): the condition of having only one set of chromosomes per cell, half the genetic information.
-Diploid (2n): the condition of having two sets of chromosomes per cell, full set of genetic information.
Theory of Evolution
-Natural occurrence of CHANGE OVER TIME, occurred over billions of years.
-Theory: Large amount of indisputable evidence that supports an explanation of how and why something happens.
-Mutations lead to changes in the phenotype.
-First Explained by Charles Darwin
- Went on voyage upon the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands
- Noticed small differences in the beaks of Finches on different islands.
- Wrote On the Origin of Species
-Natural Selection: Organisms that have beneficial genes will survive and reproduce more than organisms that don’t have these genes and won’t reproduce.
-Artificial Selection: Humans select what traits they want passed on in a species and control reproduction rates (Ex: Dogs)
Ecology
-Abiotic is a non-living factor in an ecosystem, biotic factors are living factors.
-Producer: Usually photosynthetic plants, convert light to chemical energy in organic compounds
-Consumer: These organisms eat producers or other consumers, Obtain energy from another organism
-Decomposers: Break down wastes of other organisms, Usually prokaryotic bacteria or fungi
-Types of Consumers
- Herbivore: Organisms that only eat producers in the form of plant life
- Ex: Deer, Rabbits, Caterpillar
- Carnivore: Organisms that only eat consumers
- Ex: Lions, cheetahs, alligator
- Omnivore: Organisms that eat both producers and consumers
- Ex: Humans, Bears, Raccoons
-Food Web: Interconnected and branching food chains that represents flow of energy through an ecosystem, arrows represent where energy travels to
GOOD LUCK!!! WE ALL BELIEVE YOU CAN DO THIS!
*You can NOT use this study guide or any other material on the Biology Keystone Test