Unit I: Introduction & History
Basic terms
• Define each of the terms below
Psychology
Structuralism
Introspection
Empiricism
Functionalism
Major perspectives in psychology
• Define/describe each of the major perspectives of psychology below
Biological/
Neuroscience
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic
Psychodynamic/
Psychoanalytic
Socio-cultural
Evolutionary
• List major topics related to each of the major perspectives of psychology related below (what units & major topics that we've covered over the year fit into each perspective [memory, perception, etc.]). Some topics might fit into more than one perspective.
Biological/
Neuroscience
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic
Psychodynamic/
Psychoanalytic
• List any people associated with the major perspectives listed below. Some people might fit into more than one
perspective.
Biological/
Neuroscience
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic
Psychodynamic/
Psychoanalytic
Socio-cultural
Evolutionary
Subfields of Psychology
• Define the subfields in psychology below
• Make sure to include any important people associated with each subfield (if applicable)
Clinical
psychology
Counseling
psychology
Experimental
psychology
Social
psychology
Developmental
psychology
Basic Research
Applied Research
Unit II: Research Methods
Basic terms
• Define the below
Hindsight bias
Overconfidence
Illusory
correlation
Parts of the scientific method
• Describe or explain/expand each part of the scientific method
Developing
hypothesis/theory
Performing a
method of
research
Gathering
objective data
Analyzing
results; accepting
or rejecting
hypothesis
Publishing,
criticizing, and
replicating the
results
• Answer the below questions
What is the
operational
definition?
Replication:
define & explain
why it is needed
Three main methods/strategies of research
• Describe each / of the three main methods/strategies of research in psychology; give pros and cons of each
Name / Description / Pros / Cons
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Three main descriptive methods/strategies
• Define/describe each of the three main descriptive methods/strategies; give pros and cons of each
Name / Description / Pros / Cons
Case study
Survey
Naturalistic
Observation
Surveys
• Define/describe each of the below terms
Term / Definition/Description
Wording
effect
Sampling
Population
Random
sampling
Random Assignment
Correlation
• Answer the below questions
What does correlation mean?
• What does positive correlation mean?
• What would the correlation coefficient be?
• What would the scatterplot look like?
• What does negative correlation mean?
• What would the correlation coefficient be?
• What would the scatterplot look like?
Describe a correlation
coefficient that would indicate a
weak correlation?
Describe a correlation coefficient that would indicate a strong correlation?
Experiments
Methods of eliminating or lessening bias
• Define/describe each of the below terms
(Single) blind
Double blind
Placebo
Placebo effect
Counterbalance
Independent
variable
Dependent
variable
Confounding
variables
Statistics
• Define/describe each of the below terms and give examples of each
Term / Definition / Example
Mean
Mode
Median
Range
Standard
deviation
Statistical
significance
Unit III: Biology of Psychology
Neurons
• Answer the below questions
Describe the route of the neural impulse from dendrite to axon button, major functions involved, what exactly is going on, etc.
Describe how a neuron functions (charge in the axon vs. outside, its role in neuron functioning, etc.)
• Write the name of each of the thirteen parts of the neuron in the appropriate space.
• Below, write the function of each of the thirteen parts
I
1 / 2 / 3
4 / 5 / 6
7 / 8 / 9
10 / 11 / 12 / 13
• Define and/or describe the function of each of the below
Sensory
(afferent)
neurons
Motor
(efferent)
neurons
Interneurons
All or none
law
Resting
potential
Selective
permeable
Action
potential
Refractory
period
Sodium
Potassium
PUMP
Reuptake
Agonist
(what they
do, etc.)
Antagonists
(what they
do, etc.)
Neurotransmitters
• Answer the below question
What are neurotransmitters? What is their purpose/function?
• List/describe any disorders associated with each (lack of/excessive)
• List/describe the major functions of each of the neurotransmitters listed below
Neurotransmitters / Major function / Disorders associated with
Serotonin
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Norepinephrine
(noradrenalin)
Dopamine
Gama-aminobutric
acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Nervous system
• In the boxes below, describe the function of each i art of the nervous system
• Define and/or describe the function of each of the below
Homeostasis
Neural
networks
"Fight or
flight"
The Brain
• Describe the function of each part of the brain listed below
• If the part of the brain is part of a system (limbic, etc.), make sure to mention that
Brainstem
Medulla
oblongata
Pons
Reticular
formation
Cerebellum
Pituitary gland
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic
System
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Olfactory bulb
Cerebral
Cortex
Corpus
callosum
• Indicate which lobe is related to which of the senses
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
The Association Areas
• Please answer the below question(s)
What are the association
areas? What are their
functions?
• Indicate the function of each part of the brain listed below in terms of its function as part of the association areas
Frontal
lobe
Temporal
lobe
Broca's
area
Wernicke's
area
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Primary
motor cortex
Plasticity
Split brain
Aphasia
Lesion
Looking at the Brain
• Define/describe each of the terms below
EEG (electroencephalograph)
CAT/CT scan (computerized
axial tomography)
PET scan (position emission
tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging)
f-MRI (functional magnetic
resonance imaging)
Endocrine system
• Answer the below questions
What is the function of the
endocrine system?
How are hormones
different from
neurotransmitters?
Major hormones
• Identify the function of each hormone
Testosterone
Estrogen
Major glands
• Identify the function of each gland
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Ovaries
Testes
Unit IV: Nature vs. Nurture
Biology & Genetics
• Define/describe each of the below terms
Nucleus
Chromosomes
DNA
Gene
Genome
Evolution & Natural Selection
• Answer the below questions
What role does natural selection
play in the nature vs. nurture
debate?
What are the two main ways
that adaptations are created?
Behavior Genetics
• Define/describe each of the below terms
Environment
Identical
twins
Fraternal
twins
Temperament
Heritability
Interaction
Environmental Influence
• Describe each of the four major environmental influences on our personality
Prenatal
environment
Early
Experience &
Brain
Development
Peer influence
Culture
Nature & Nurture of Gender
• Define/describe each of the below terms
X chromosome
Y chromosome
Gender role
Gender
Gender identity
Gender typing
Social learning
theory
Gender schema
theory
Unit V: Sensation
General theories & background
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Absolute
threshold
Difference
Threshold (Just noticeable difference
Maximum
threshold
Parallel
processing
Sensation
Sensory
adaption
Sensory
interaction
Signal
Detection
Theory
Stimuli
Transduction
Weber's Law
Vision
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Additive color
theory
Subtractive color
theory
Opponent
processing theory
Young-Helmholz
Trichromatic
Color Theory
Feature detection
Accomdation
Serial processing
Parallel processing
Near Sightedness (myopia)
Far Sightedness (hyperopia)
Audition
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Conductive hearing
loss
Sensorineural
hearing loss
Frequency theory
Localization of
sounds
Place theory
Volley theory
Kinesthesis
Vestibular Sense
Gate Control Theory
General Questions
• Answer each of the questions below
What are the four major
sensations that taste buds can
detect?
Name the sensory receptors for
each sense?
For sight, trace the stimulus from
the point it enters the eye to the
appropriate part of the brain.
For sound, trace the stimulus from
the point it enters the ear to the
appropriate part of the brain.
Waves
Vision
• Color: Wavelength
• Brightness: Amplitude
Hearing
• Pitch: Wavelength
• Loudness: Amplitude
Measured in: _____Decibels______
Unit VI: Perception
Basic terms
• Answer the below question
What is the
difference between
sensation &
perception?
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Attention
Selective
Attention
The cocktail
party effect
Change
blindness
Visual
capture
Top-down
processing
Bottom-up
processing
Gestalt theory
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Gestalt
theory
Figure
ground
• Define/describe and give an example for each of the four major grouping rules of gestalt
Term / Description/definition / Example
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity/
good
continuation
Connectedness
Binocular cues & Monocular cues
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Binocular
cues
Retinal
disparity
Convergence
Monocular
cues
• Describe each of the monocular cues listed below and give an example of each
Monocular
cues / Description / Example
Relative size
Interposition
Relative
clarity
Texture
gradient
Relative
height
Relative
motion
Linear
perspective
Light &
shadow
Constancy
• Describe each of the different constancies listed below and give an example of each
Constancy / Description / Example
Shape
constancy
Lightness/
brightness
constancy
Color
constancy
• Answer the below questions
What is perceptual
set/ mental disposition? Give
an example
What is schema?
Unit VII: States of Consciousness
Levels of Consciousness
• Describe each level of consciousness
Name / Description
Conscious (level)
Preconscious
Subconscious
Unconscious
Non-conscious
Biological rhythms (biorhythms)
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Biological rhythms
(biorhythms)
• Define/describe each of the biorhythms below and give an example
Name / Description / Example
Annual
biorhythms
Circadian
biorhythms
Sleep stages
• Name and describe each of the five levels of sleep
Level / Description / Time in level / Waves / Other
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3+4
REM
Sleep Disorders
• Describe both of the major categories of sleep disorders
• Name and describe the major sleep disorders in their appropriate category
Four main ones / Description
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors
Dreams
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Manifest content
Latent content
• Describe the theories why we dream, or why we forget dreams
Freudian Wish Fulfillment
Activation-synthesis
theory
Information Processing
Physiological function
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Hypnosis
Psychoactive Drugs
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Psychoactive
Drugs
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Addiction
Overdose
Physical
dependence
Psychological
dependence
• Describe each of the categories of psychoactive drugs, and give two examples of each
Name / Description / Example
Depressants
Stimulant
Opioid
Hallucinogens/
Psychedelic drugs
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Name / Description
Agonist
Antagonist
Unit VIII: Learning
Basic terms
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Behaviorism
Conditioning
Shaping
Classical
conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Latent Learning
Observational Learning
Mirror Neurons
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Law of Effect
Taste Aversion
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
Unique to Classical Conditioning / Common to Classical & Operant / Unique to Operant Conditioning
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Unconditioned
stimulus
Unconditioned
response
Neutral
stimulus
Conditioned
stimulus
Conditioned Response
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous
recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
• Label each of the below

Reinforcement Schedules & Reinforcement vs. Punishment
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Define/Describe
Reinforcer/
reinforcement
Punishment
Positive
Negative
Primary
Secondary(conditioned)
Partial Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
• Define/describe and give an example of each of the terms below
Term / Define/Describe / Example
Positive
Reinforcer/
reinforcement
Positive
Punishment
Negative
Reinforcer/
reinforcement
Negative
Punishment
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Ratio schedule
Interval
schedule
• Define/describe and give an example of each of the terms below
Term / Define/Describe / Example
Fixed Ratio
schedule
Variable Ratio
schedule
Fixed Interval
schedule
Variable
Interval
schedule
Unit IX: Memory
Basic Terms
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description
Automatic
processing
Effortful
processing
Spacing effect
Flashbulb Memory
Serial position
effect
Semantic Encoding
Visual Encoding
Acoustic Encoding
Storage
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description
Sensory memory
(2 parts)
1) Iconic memory
2) Echoic memory
Short-term memory
Working memory
Long-term memory
Implicit/procedural
memory
Explicit/declarative
memory
Three step processing
model of memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin) / 1) / 2) / 3)
Recall
• Define/describe and give an example of each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description / Example
Recall
Recognition
Priming
Proactive
interference
Retroactive
interference
Mnemonic Devices
Mood-Congruent Memory
State-Dependent Memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Misinformation Effect
Source Amnesia
Repression
Stress and Memory
Unit X: Thinking & Language
Thinking
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Cognition
Types of thinking
Term / Definition/description
Convergent
thinking
Divergent
thinking
Units of knowledge
• Define/describe each of the terms below & give an example
Term / Definition/description / Example
Concepts
Prototype
Schema
Assimilation
Accommodation
Methods of problem solving
Term / Definition/description / Example
Algorithm
Heuristic
Trial & error
Insight
Obstacles in problem solving
Term / Definition/description / Example
Confirmation
bias
Fixation
Mental set
Functional
fixedness
Making decisions & forming judgments
Term / Definition/description / Example
Availability
heuristic
Representative
heuristic
Overconfidence
Belief Perseverance
Framing
Belief bias
Language
• Define/describe each of the terms below & give an example
Term / Definition/description / Example
Communication
Speech
Language
• Answer the below question
What is the
difference between
communication &
language?
Term / Definition/description / Example
Phonemes
Morpheme
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax
Language development
• List and describe the first four ages of language development
Name / Description / Approximate ages
1)
2)
3)
4)
Theories of language acquisition
• Name and describe the three theories of language acquisition that we talked about it class
Name / Definition/description
1)Skinner’s Theory
2)Chomsky’s Theory
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description
Linguistic
determination
Telegraphic Speech
Critical Period
Hypothesis (CPH)
Unit XI: Motivation
Basic Terms
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description
Motivation
Instinct
Arousal
Drive
Push
factors
Pull factors
Four major theories
• Define/describe each of the terms below & give an example
Term / Definition/description / Example
Evolutionary
Approach
Drive
reduction
theory
Optimum
Arousal
Theory
Maslow's
Hierarchy of
Needs
• Define/describe each of the terms below
Term / Definition/description / Related to which theory
Yerkes-Dodson
theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
• Describe each of the levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and give an example of each
Level / Description / Example
Level 1 / Physiological Needs
Level 2 / Safety Needs
Level 3 / Love Needs
Level 4 / Esteem Needs
Level 5 / Self-Actualization
Hunger
• Define/describe each of the terms below in terms of motivation related to hunger
Term / Definition/description
Ghrelin / Arouses Hunger-secreted by empty stomach telling brain “I’m hungry”
Leptin / Suppresses Appetite-produced by fat cells, when abundant increases metabolism
PYY / Suppresses Appetite-digestive tract hormone
Glucose / Stimulates Hunger-insulin is hormone that controls glucose levels, secreted by pancreas
Orexin / Stimulates Hunger-secreted by hypothalamus
• Answer the below questions
What role does the