Effects of sugar supplementation and roughage sources on dairy cattle performances
V. Pattarajinda1 and A. Paserakung2
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
2 Graduate student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
Summary
Agro-industrial byproducts normally have low starch level, high fiber and lower digestion in dairy cattle. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sugar and roughage sources on nutrient digestibility and cows performances. The four diets were assigned to sixteen cross-bred Holstein Friesian as 2x2 factorial in randomized completely block design with two roughages ( rice straw , corn-cob mill), and two sugar levels( 10, 15%DM). Diets had an isonitrogenous at 13.5%CP. Rice straw diets had more effects to DMI, milk yield, milk protein, lactose, and total solid than corn-cob mill diets( 13.3vs 8.7 kg, 11.7vs9.3 kg, 3.4vs3.1 %, 5.1vs.4.7%, and 13.9vs 12.7%;respectively). Fiber sources tendedto effects glucose and BUN utilization. High level sugar in diets did not alter milk yield and compositions except milk fat content, but it had trend to help glucose and BUN utilization. The result suggested that intake sugar with long fiber content tend to lower heat stress condition in cows.
Key words:corn cob,dairy cattle, rice straw, sugar
Introduction
Balanceof structural and non structural carbohydrates in the TMR diet impacts milk productionbecause it affects amount and ratios of microbial and ruminal VFAproduced, efficiency of ruminal ammonia utilization (Hristov et al., 1997).Vagnoni and Broderick (1997) suggested thatenhancing the availability of ruminal fermentable energycould increase microbial capture of RDP and nutrient utilization. Chamberlainet al. (1985, 1993) also reported that addition of readilyfermentable carbohydrates (sugars) increased N utilizationefficiency of sheep and steers. Our objectiveswere to determine the influence of altering the levelof cane sugar and replacing corn-cob with rice straw on milk production and compositionof dairy cows .
Material and Method
Sixteen cross-bred Holstein Friesian in mid lactation(average in 147 DIM, 457 kg.BW).Animal were assigned to a 2x2 factorial in randomized completely block design. Dietary treatments consisted of two roughages ( rice straw , corn-cob mill), and two cane sugar levels( 10, 15%DM). Diets had an isonitrogenous at 14%CP ,and roughage concentrate ratio was 33: 67%. Experimental period consisted of 74 d, a 14-d adjustmentperiod . Cows were offered their assigned TMR twice a day to allow ad libitum intakewith a 10% refusal. Intakes and refusals, milk yield were recordeddaily for each cow. During d 60 to 74, samples of feedoffered and refused, milk and blood samples were collected for subsequentanalysis. Diet composites were analyzed for CP Fat (AOAC,1990) NDF, ADF(Van Soest et al.,1991) Milk Samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total solid(Lactostar, Funke – Dr.N. Gerber).. Blood samples were analyzed for BUN, Glucose,triiodothyronine (T3). Rectum temperature was recorded before and after feeding at 1, 2,and 3h. All data were done using the GLM procedure of SAS (1988).
Table1. Feed ingredients and compositions of experimental diets on DM basis.
Ingredients / T1 / T2 / T3 / T4Cane sugar / 10.0 / 15.0 / 10.0 / 15.0
Rice straw / 33.0 / 33.0 / - / -
Corn cob / - / - / 33.0 / 33.0
Corn grain / 17.0 / 16.8 / 17.0 / 17.0
Cassava chip / 21.4 / 17.0 / 21.5 / 16.0
Soy bean meal / 13.4 / 14.0 / 13.3 / 13.8
Palm Kernel meal / 3.0 / 2.0 / 3.0 / 3.0
Urea / 1.7 / 1.6 / 1.6 / 1.6
Mineral-vitamin mix / 0.6 / 0.6 / 0.6 / 0.6
Total / 100.0 / 100.0 / 100.0 / 100.0
Nutrient compositions , %
TDN / 70.0 / 70.0 / 70.0 / 69.9
CP / 13.5 / 13.5 / 13.5 / 13.5
ADF / 17.5 / 16.9 / 16.2 / 15.9
NDF / 30.8 / 29.7 / 38.0 / 37.5
* NFC= 100- (%CP + %NDF + %EE + %Ash)
Results and discussion
Intake and Milk Yields
Intakes of DM per day were affected(P > .0l) by fiber sources that dry grinding corn cob form had low intake perform. In term of DMIBW Fiber sources had affected on sugar levels that were high sugar level supported long size of rice straw intake (Table 2).
Milk Production and Composition
Milk yields and 4% FCM were greater for cows consumingdiets containing rice straw than diets containing corn cob, because of the greater amount of daily intake. Low gut fill diets like corn cob did not improve milk productioncompared with long fiber rice straw diets. It might related to physical form and saliva activated by corn cob diet. Physical form of diets had effect to percentage of milk composition, and increasing sugar in diets had positive effects on only milk fat content.
Blood metabolites
The blood glucose and BUN levels at before feeding did not differ among treatments(Table 3). After feeding , rice straw diet had lower glucose and BUN levels than corn cob and the bloodsugar and BUN levels rose from before feeding to the 3th hr. after feeding.And remained high throughout the 3rd hr. in all treatments. Levels of sugar in diets did not effects by treatments.
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Rectum Temperature(RT)
Ones of lower heat stress index of animal was increasing T3 and lowing RT in compare groups. In this study found that rice straw feeding increased heat stress on th 3rd h. because of the value of T3 was lower than corn cob value. In term of rectum temperature, sugars levels had effect among treatments at the 2nd , 3rd hr. after feeding. Increasing sugar level in diet was help animal to being well manage themselves.
CONCLUSIONS
Physical form of fiber diet had direct effect to increasing milk yield and milk contents, and glucose utilization except BUN utilization. High level sugar in diets did not alter milk yield and compositions except milk fat content among treatments. However, intake sugar tends to lower heat stress condition in cows.
Table2.Intake ,Milk yield and compositions of experimental diets.
Fiber / Sugar / Effect, p<Item / Straw / Corn / 10 / 15 / SEM / Fiber / Sugar / Fiber*Sugar
DMI, kg/d / 13.3 / 8.7 / 10.9 / 11.8 / 0.31 / 0.001 / 0.78 / 0.62
DMI, %BW / 3.2 / 2.2 / 2.8 / 2.7 / 0.12 / 0.001 / 0.24 / 0.04
Milk yield, kg/d / 11.7 / 9.3 / 10.5 / 10.9 / 0.61 / 0.007 / 0.95 / 0.61
4% FCM, kg/d / 12.9 / 9.1 / 10.7 / 11.9 / 0.75 / 0.002 / 0.45 / 0.54
Milk Composition, %
Fat / 4.6 / 4.2 / 4.1 / 4.7 / 0.33 / 0.16 / 0.10 / 0.04
Protein / 3.4 / 3.1 / 3.3 / 3.2 / 0.14 / 0.05 / 0.85 / 0.55
Lactose / 5.1 / 4.7 / 4.9 / 4.9 / 0.18 / 0.053 / 0.81 / 0.52
Total Solid / 13.9 / 12.7 / 13.1 / 13.5 / 0.51 / 0.052 / 0.83 / 0.52
Solid not fat / 9.2 / 8.5 / 8.9 / 8.9 / 0.32 / 0.04 / 0.35 / 0.32
Table 3. Effects of experimental diets on blood metabolites efficiencies.
Fiber / Sugar / Effect, p<Item / Straw / Corn / 10 / 15 / SEM / Fiber / Sugar / Fiber*Sugar
Glucose, mg/dl
Pre - feeding / 32.1 / 37.9 / 34.2 / 35.5 / 3.12 / 0.10 / 0.63 / 0.38
1h – post feeding / 38.9 / 34.9 / 35.1 / 38.7 / 2.10 / 0.09 / 0.12 / 0.32
2h – post feeding / 36.2 / 34.0 / 36.1 / 34.1 / 2.22 / 0.35 / 0.40 / 0.23
3h – post feeding / 39.0 / 42.8 / 40.0 / 41.3 / 3.01 / 0.23 / 0.79 / 0.61
average 1-3h / 36.0 / 40.2 / 37.9 / 38.2 / 2.01 / 0.07 / 0.43 / 0.16
BUN, mg/dl
Pre - feeding / 11.4 / 9.5 / 11.3 / 9.6 / 1.68 / 0.29 / 0.34 / 0.13
1h – post feeding / 13.2 / 10.3 / 13.5 / 10.0 / 1.62 / 0.10 / 0.053 / 0.06
2h – post feeding / 14.4 / 10.6 / 13.5 / 11.4 / 1.79 / 0.06 / 0.27 / 0.11
3h – post feeding / 15.2 / 10.5 / 13.7 / 12.0 / 1.76 / 0.02 / 0.36 / 0.02
average 1-3h / 14.2 / 10.5 / 13.6 / 11.1 / 1.67 / 0.05 / 0.16 / 0.05
T3, ng/dl
Pre - feeding / 131.8 / 146.1 / 142.4 / 135.4 / 11.3 / 0.23 / 0.55 / 0.79
1h – post feeding / 137.5 / 147.2 / 144.0 / 140.6 / 12.4 / 0.45 / 0.79 / 0.74
2h – post feeding / 136.1 / 153.2 / 142.9 / 146.4 / 12.1 / 0.18 / 0.77 / 0.86
3h – post feeding / 133.9 / 156.6 / 144.9 / 145.6 / 11.6 / 0.08 / 0.95 / 0.59
Average (1h-3h) / 135.8 / 152.3 / 143.9 / 144.2 / 11.9 / 0.19 / 0.98 / 1.00
Rectum temperature
(๐C)
Pre - feeding / 37.8 / 38.0 / 38.0 / 37.8 / 0.12 / 0.11 / 0.11 / 0.92
1h – post feeding / 38.0 / 37.9 / 38.1 / 37.9 / 0.17 / 0.16 / 0.05 / 0.02
2h – post feeding / 38.2 / 38.2 / 38.3 / 38.1 / 0.07 / 0.61 / 0.01 / 0.007
3h – post feeding / 38.3 / 38.3 / 38.4 / 38.2 / 0.11 / 0.33 / 0.16 / 0.11
Average (1h-3h) / 38.2 / 38.1 / 38.3 / 38.1 / 0.05 / 0.51 / 0.006 / 0.006
Acknowledgments
The author would like to special thank you for Roi-Etagricultural research and training center, Faculty of Agriculture, KhonKaenUniversity for research facilities.
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