History of Rome

HISTORY OF ROME

LATIUM ROMAN FORBEARS (Several centuries before Rome's official founding. May have come from Troy)
DATE
BC 753 / Romulas, legendary founder of Rome.
BC 714 / Numa Pompilius. First religious lawgiver. (mythical)
BC 721 ASSYRIANS
BC 672 / Tullus Hostilius, the Conqueror of Alba Longa of the Latin League. Killed by lightening.
BC 640 / Ancus Martius, the second religious lawgiver. Conquered more Latin towns, which became plebians of the king. Bridged the Tiber. Territory extended to the sea on the west.
BC 616 / Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder), The Builder. Assassinated by Ancus Martius. Forum and the Circus Maximus erected.
606 BABYLONIANS
BC 578 / Servius Tullius. The Civil Lawgiver. Etruscan general. Son-in-law to Tarquin Elder. Established the Comitia Centuriata. enclosed the Seven Hills. Assassinated by Tarquin the Proud.
BC 538 PERSIANS
BC 534 / Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud)--The Tyrant,Forced to abdicate the throne after his son, Sextus caused Lucretia to commit suicide.
REPUBLICAN ROME
(BC 508 TO BC 27)
CONSULS
(Two equal magistrates ruling)
BC 508 Lucius Junius Brutus--The Elder, a Plebian.
Killed in battle by Aruns, son of Tarquin the Proud. / Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, a Patrician
Period of war with the Etruscans who were trying to reinstate Tarquin the Proud.
DICTATORS
(Chosen by the Senate with absolute power when there was a state of emergency).
BC 494. / TRIBUNES OF THE PLEBS
Gained by Plebeians seceding to Mons Sacer (Sacred Mount).
Treaty made with the Patricians.
BC 452. / DECEMVIRS
(Ten commissioners to revise the constitution)
BC 449 / CONSULARTRIBUNES,
Accomplished by second plebeian revolt to Mons Sacer.
Caused by Patrician, Appius Claudius, attempting to make Virginia a slave.
BC 390 / MILITARY TRIBUNES
Resulted from third revolt of Plebs to Hill of Janiculum.
BC 390 / Rome burned by the Gauls
BC 343 / First Samnite War for conquest of Italy. (Samnites were a Sabine race)
BC 339 / Great Latin War
BC 336-324 / Alexander the Great of Greece
BC 333 / GREEKSJerusalem 333
BC 326-304 / Second Samnite War.
BC 310-306 / Appius encourages building the Appian Way and aqueducts.
BC 298-290 / Third Samnite War.
BC 286 / Plebeians again secede to MountJaniculum
BC 283-264 / War with Tarentum
BC 264-133 / PUNIC WARS between Rome and Carthage
BC 263-241 / First Punic War. Rome invades Sicily. Fleets built to attack Carthage in North Africa.
BC 225-222 / Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul.
BC 218-201 / Second Punic War. Hannibal crosses the Alps from Gaul to invade Italy
BC 214-205 / First war with Philip V of Macedon
BC 200-196 / Second war with Philip V of Macedon
BC 191-190 / War with Antichus The Great of Syria.
BC 171-168 / War with Perseus of Macedon. Decisive battle of Pydna ended MacedonianKingdom
BC 149-146 / Third Punic War. Carthage totally destroyed.
133-27 / CIVIL WARS AND FALL OF THE REPUBLIC
BC 134- / First Servile War. Revolt of slaves in Sicily.
BC 121- / Death of Caius Sempronius Graccus. End of people's freedom. Aristocratic total control.
BC 111- / Jugurthine War.
BC 107-101 / Invading Teutones and Cimbri destroyed.
BC 102-99 / Second Servile War in Sicily.
BC 90-88 / The Social War. (Revolt of the Italians)
BC 88- / First Mithridatic War.
BC 74-63 / Second Mithridatic War.
John Hyracanus II became High Priest and placed on the throne of Judea .
BC 63 / Julius Caesar becomes Pontifix Maximus (Religious Superintendent)
BC 63 / Pompeii conquers Jerusalem.
BC 59 / First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompeii and Crassus).
BC 48 / Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon from Gaul to invade Italy. Defeated Pompeii.
Caesar defeats Ptolemy XIII of Egypt and places Cleopatra, his mistress, on throne.
BC 45 / Caesar made dictator for life by the Senate with title of Imperator.
BC 44 / Caesar assassinated by Brutus and his band.
BC 43 / Second Triumvirate. (OctaviusCaesar, Antony and Lepidus. Cleopatra seduces Mark Antony.
BC 36 / Pompeii and Lepidus defeated by Octavius
BC 31 / Battle of Actium. Antony and Cleopatra defeated. They commit suicide (BC 30).
BC 27-14 AD / IMPERIAL ROME
BC 27 / Octavius conferred title of Augustus (the Divine) and Imperator (Emperor) by Senate.
AD 14-37 / Tiberius: Step-son of Augustus. Reign of terror instituted. Smothered with bed-clothes
AD 37-41 / Caligula or Caius Caesar: Tyrant. Incest with Drusilla. Seemed totally mad. Assassinated.
AD 41-54 / Claudius: Half-witted. Elevated by the Praetorian Guard. Poisoned by Agrippina, mother of Nero.
AD 43 / Britain invaded
AD 54-68 / Nero: Burned Rome. Murdered his mother, two wives and son of his step-father, Cladius. (lst Persecution)
AD 68-69 / Galba: Overthrown by Otho and the Praetorian Guards and killed.
AD 69 / Otho: Committed suicide after defeat by Vitellius.
AD 69 / Vitellius: Glutton. Troops rebelled. Killed and cast into the Tiber.
AD 69-79 / Vespasian: Troops made him emperor while fighting the Jews. Died of an illness.
AD 79-81 / Titus: (son) General who destroyed Jerusalem. Died of fever.
AD 79 / Mt.Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum.
AD 81-96 / Domitian: (brother) The “fly-killer.” Jealous of general Julius Agricola. Assassinated by wife.
Last of 12 Caesars. (2nd Persecution)

ROME TRIUMPHANT

(Most prosperous and peaceful period)

AD 96- 98 / Nerva: Old man. Adopted Trajan. First of the Five Good Emperors. Died of a fever.
AD 98-117 / Trajan: Highest point in the empire. Died in Cilicia. From Crete. Adopted Hadrian. 3rd persecution.
AD 117-138 / Hadrian: Barcocheban Jewish revolt quashed (131-135). Died slowly of disease. 4th persecution of Christians.
AD 138-161 / Antoninus Pius: First Emperor to protect Christians. Most peaceful and prosperous time in Roman History.
AD 161-180 / Marcus Aurelius Antoninus: Philosopher. 5th persecution of Christians.

DECLINE OF PAGAN CONTROL. CIVIL UPHEAVAL

BLOODSHED

AD 180-193 / Commodus: 19 years old. Murdered by concubine in drunken sleep. Noted for his strength.
AD 192 / Pertinax: Killed by Praetorian Guard. Good man.
AD 193 / Julianus: Bought the throne at auction.
AD 193 / Septimus Severus: Marched on Rome & took power. Son, Caracalla attempted assassination. Suicide overeating.
FAMINE & WANT
AD 211-217 / Caracalla and Geta: Brothers. Geta murdered by Caracalla in mothers arms. Caracalla went mad. Assassinated.
AD 217 / Macrinus: Coward. Had Caracalla killed. Was killed in rebellion by troops.
AD 218-222 / Haliogabalus (Bassianus): Syrian. Age 14. High-priest. Extravagant. Killed by soldiers.
AD 222-235 / Alexander Severus: Good ruler. Protected Christians. Killed by his soldiers
AD 235-238 / Maximin: 8 ½ feet tall. Fantastic strength. Killed by his soldiers. 6th persecution
AD 238 / The two Gordians (father and son): Killed by supporter of Maximin
AD 238 / Pupeinus and Balbinus: Assassinated by the Praetorian Guards.
AD 238-244 / Gordian III: Age 12. Dominated by Timesitheus, the Praetorian Perfect. Poisoned by Philip.
AD 244-249 / Philip the Arabian: Killed Gordian. Defeated by Decius and killed.

PLAGUE AND DEATH

AD 249-251 / Decius: Reluctant Emperor. Died in marsh surrounded by Goths. 7th general persecution.
AD 251-253 / Gallus: with Decius (son) and Hostilianus as colleagues. Killed by troops. 8th persecution. Plague.
AD 253 / Aemilianus: Slain in battle by Valerian.
AD 253-260 / Valerian: Old man. Franks, Goths and New Persians pressed in. Captured by Persians and flayed after seven years by Sapor and skin put up on wall of Persian temple. 9th persecution.
AD 260-268 / Gallienus: Invasions of the empire. (Son) Time of the Thirty Tyrants. Killed by his soldiers.
AD 268-270 / Claudius II: Drove back the barbarians. Died in the plague.
AD 270 / Quintillius: (Brother) Killed by army after 17 days.
AD 270-275 / Aurelian: Routed the barbarians and restored the empire. New wall around Rome. Assassinated.
AD 275-276 / Marcus Claudius Tacitus: Age 75. Died in Cappadocia after 7 months.
AD 276 / Florian: (brother). Killed by his soldiers after 3 months.
AD 276-282 / Probus: Drained the marshes. Assassinated by soldiers. Drove back the barbarians.
AD 282-283 / Carus: Two sons with him in rule. Died or disease or struck by lightening in New Persian campaign.
AD 283-284 / Numerian and Carinus: (sons) slain separately.

REORGANIZATION and ERA OF MARTYRS

Power transferred from military to Imperial, divided between Augusti. 10th persecution

284 Diocletian
(Title: Augustus)
in the East / 285 Maximian
(Title: Augustus)
in the West / 287 Cerousius
(Title: Augustus)
(continued) / 292 Constantius
(Title: Caesar) / (continued) / 292 Galerius
(Title:Caesar) / 293 assassinated
305 resigned / 305 (Augustus) / 305 resigned / 305 (Augustus) / 305 Severus
(Title: Caesar) / 305Maximin
(Title: Caesar)
306Constantine I / 306 died / (continued) / 306 (Augustus) / (continued)
(continued) / 307Maxentius / 307 returned / (continued) / 307 suicide
307Licinius / (continued)
(continued) / 312 drowned / 310 executed / 311died / 322 executed / 314 suicide
322-364 PAGANISM'S POLITICAL FALL / RISE OF CHRISTIANIZATION
325 Nicean Council called by Constantine. “Christ is God.”
330 Capital moved to Byzantium, Constantinople (or New Rome)
337 Constantine's baptism and death. His three sons take control.
331-360 Constantius II. (died) / 331-350 Constans
(youngest-- killed by Magnentius) / 331-340 Constantine II
(oldest killed by Constans)
361-363 Julian the Apostate: Tried to revive paganism. Attempted to rebuild the Jerusalem temple. Killed by an arrow.
363-364 Jovian: Suffocated by fumes from charcoal burner.
FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE / RISE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE
364-375 Valentinian I: Died of burst blood vessel. / 364-378 Valens: Over Eastern Empire. Permitted the Visgoths to find refuge from Huns by crossing Danube.
375-383 Gratian: / 378-395 Theodosius the Great: Subdued the Goths and completed the triumph over paganism.
Killed in revolt of Maximus. / 381 Council of Constantinople on Holy Spirit.
383-392 Maximus: Slain by Theodosius / 390- Theodosius repents after interdict for murder.
392 Valentinian II: Murdered by Arbogastes.
392-394 Eugenius: (Imperial secretary) killed by troops.
395-423 Honorius: Died. Stilicho, his administrator. / 395-408 Arcadius:
410 Rome sacked by Alaric the Visgoth 3 times. / 408-450 Theodosius II: (8 yrs old)
bribed Huns to withdraw. Drowned.
423-455 Valentian III: Assassinated by Petronius Maximus.
429 Vandals. conquered Spain and North Africa
431 Council of Ephesus on Depravity of man..
451 Council of Chalcedon on Humanity of Christ / 450-453 Pulcheria: (sister) Married Marcian.
451 Attilathe Hun defeated at Chalons.
452 Attila devastates Northern Italy.
Pope Leo persuades him to spare Rome. / 453-457 Marcian: Married Pulcheria.
455 Petronius Maximus:
Killed in Vandal attack.
455 Vandals under Geneseric. sack Rome
455-456 Avitus:
Deposed by Count Ricimer.
457-461 Marjorian:
Deposed by Ricimer. / 457-474 Leo I: Thracian. Anthemius and Julius Nepos established in the West through him.
461-465 Libius Severus:
467-472 Anthemius:
Deposed by Ricimer.
472-473 Olybrius:
473-474 Glycerius:
Deposed by Leo I of eastern empire.
474-475 Julius Nepos:
Deposed by Orestes / 474 Leo II., the Younger
475-476 Romulus Augustulus:
Deposed by Odoacer. / 474-491 Zeno: the Isaurian.

Eastern Roman Empire after fall of the West

491-518 / AnistasiusI., the Illyrian.
518-527 / Justin I
527-565 / Justinian I
565-578 / Justin II
578-582 / Tiberius II
582-602 / Maurice, the Cappadocian.
602-610 / Phocas
610-641 / Heraclius
641 / Constantine III., Heracleonus
641 / Heracolonas
641-668 / Constans II
668-685 / Constantine IV., Pogonatus.
685-695 / Justinian II (deposed).
695-698 / Leontius
698-705 / Tiberius III., Aspimar.
705-711 / Justinian II. (restored)
711-713 / Philippicus Bardanes
713-715 / Anastasius II
715-717 / Theodosius III

Isauric Race

717-741 / Leo III., the Isaurian.
741-775 / Constantine V
775-780 / Leo IV
780-797 / Constantine VI. and Irene.
797-802 / Irene, Empress.
802-811 / NicephorusI., Logothetes.
811 / Stauracius
811-813 / Michael I
813-820 / Leo V., the Armenian.
820-829 / Michael II., the Stammerer.
829-842 / Theophilus
842-867 / Michael III., Porphyrogenitus.

Macedonian Race

867-886 / Basil I., the Macedonian.
886-912 / Leo VI., the Philosopher.
911-913 / Alexander and Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus.
913-959 / Constantine VII
919-944 / Romanus Lecapenus, co-emperor with his sons.
920 / Christopher and his sons.
928 / Stephen and Constantine VIII.
945 / Constantine VIII. (alone)
959-963 / Romanus II
963-969 / Nicephorus II., Phocas.
969-976 / John I., Zimisces.
976-1025 / Basil II. and Constantine IX
1025-1028 / Constantine VIII (?)
1028-1034 / Romanus III., Argyropulus.
1034-1041 / Michael IV., the Paphiagonian.
1041-1042 / Michael V., Calaphates.
1042-1055 / Constantine X., Monomachus, and Zoe
1055-1053 / Theodora
1056-1057 / Michael VI., Stratiotes.
The Comneni.
1057-1059 / Isaac I., Comnenus.
1059-1067 / Constantine XI., Ducas.
1067-1071 / Eudocia and Romanus Diogenes.
1071-1078 / Michael VII., Parapinaces.
1078-1081 / Nicephorus III
1081-1118 / AlexiusI., Comnenus.
1118-1143 / John Commenus.
1143-1180 / Manuel I., Commenus.
1180-1183 / Alexius II., Commenus.
1183-1185 / AndronicusI., Comnenus.
1185-1195 / Isaac II., Angelus Comnenus.
1195-1203 / Alexius III., Angelus, the Tyrant.
1203-1204 / Isaac II. and Alexius IV.
1204 / Alexius V., Ducas.
French, or Latin Emperors. / Greek Emperors at Nice.
1204 / BaldwinI. (of Flanders). / 1206-1222 / Theodore Lascaris I.
1206 / Henry I. / 1222-1254 / John III Ducas Vataces.
1216 / Peter de Courtenay. / 1254-1258 / Theodore Lascaris II.
1221 / Robert de Courtenay. / 1258-1261 / John IV Lascaris.
1228 / Baldwin II. (Latin dynasty ended in 1261) / 1261 / Michael Palaeologus.
The Greek Empire Restored at Constantinople under the Palaeologi.
1261-1282 / Michael VII., Palaeologus.
1282-1328 / Andronicus II., the Elder
1328-1341 / Andronicus III., the Younger.
1341-1347 / John Palaeologus I (deposed)
1347-1354 / John Cantacuzene
1355-1376 / John Palaeologus (restored)
1376-1379 / Andronicus IV
1379-1391 / John V (restored)
1390 / John VII
1391-1425 / Manuel II., Palaeologus.
1425-1448 / John Palaeologus II
1448-1453 / Constantine Palaeologus XIV. Killed and empire ended by the Turks, 1453
p.1 / (N-124) = NT-292