Wet snuff use and smoking: Effects on tooth health in a multivariate model
Table 1. General characteristics among users of wet snuff tobacco and non-users.
(users=68, non-users=331) / 65, 75 or 85 years of age1
(users=49, non-users=658)
Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value / Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value
Good general health / 97.0 / 92.1 / 0.11 / 9.8 / 18.1 / 0.20
Tooth status is important for quality of life / 46.3 / 78.6 / 0.0001 / 58.9 / 76.1 / 0.002
At least one prescribed medicine / 17.9 / 24.8 / 0.22 / 84.3 / 72.6 / 0.04
Health foods user / 11.8 / 20.6 / 0.08 / 17.7 / 29.1 / 0.07
Employed / 89.7 / 79.5 / 0.04 / - / - / -
University education / 17.7 / 37.4 / 0.001 / 4.0 / 12.7 / 0.07
High socioeconomic status / 29.8 / 44.0 / 0.04 / - / - / -
Smokers were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group
Table 2. Dental history among users of wet snuff tobacco and non-users.
35 or 50 years of age(users=68, non-users=331) / 65, 75 or 85 years of age1,
(users=49, non-users=658)2
Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value / Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value
Toothlessness / 0 / 0 / - / 6.4 / 7.1 / 0.85
Dental care at least once/year / 45.6 / 53.8 / 0.22 / 74.0 / 73.3 / 0.72
No dental care due to poor economy / 16.4 / 21.9 / 0.30 / 28.6 / 9.0 / 0.0002
Fear of dentists / 17.7 / 7.6 / 0.25 / 2.0 / 0.0 / 0.79
Any teeth problems / 20.9 / 23.8 / 0.61 / 20.8 / 21.6 / 0.50
Mouth dryness / 14.7 / 21.5 / 0.19 / 17.4 / 32.4 / 0.05
Chewing problems / 0.0 / 1.5 / 0.59 / 4.4 / 1.3 / 0.12
Satisfied with teeth appearance / 82.8 / 86.6 / 0.44 / 78.7 / 90.0 / 0.03
Toothbrushing at least once/day / 92.7 / 90.6 / 0.59 / 80.4 / 90.8 / 0.045
User of:
mellanrumsborste? / 1.5 / 6.7 / 0.05 / 31.8 / 31.3 / 0.89
Tooth picks / 10.5 / 12.6 / 0.62 / 38.6 / 49.3 / 0.18
Dental floss / 19.5 / 6.2 / 0.004 / 6.8 / 14.3 / 0.15
Fluor rinsing or tablets / 7.5 / 14.2 / 0.11 / 9.1 / 22.2 / 0.06
Tobacco information at last
dental care visit / 47.0 / 9.9 / 0.0001 / 28.6 / 4.3 / 0.0001
Dental care expenses >2000 SEK
during last year3 / 16.4 / 13.8 / 0.58 / 19.5 / 25.3 / 0.34
Smokers were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group.
238 individuals with no teeth were excluded.
310 SEK, Swedish krona is equivalent to 1.1 Euro.
Table 3. Dental status among users of wet snuff tobacco and non-users.
(users=58, non-users=292) / 65, 75 or 85 years of age1,
(users=39, non-users=512)2
Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value / Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value
Number of teeth / 29.2 / 28.9 / 0.31 / 19.8 / 21.2 / 0.90
Number of intact teeth / 19.2 / 18.7 / 0.64 / 5.7 / 5.6 / 0.90
Toothlessness / 0.0 / 0.0 / - / 6.4 / 7.1 / 0.85
Filled surfaces (no.) / 19.9 / 19.5 / 0.87 / 43.5 / 49.4 / 0.05
Filled surfaces/tooth / 0.70 / 0.69 / 0.45 / 2.3 / 2.5 / 0.46
Caries (any) / 20.7 / 34.8 / 0.13 / 38.5 / 36.9 / 0.69
Pockets/tooth / 0.59 / 0.26 / 0.03 / 1.9 / 0.8 / 0.004
Any pockets / 12.3 / 19.0 / 0.19 / 45.2 / 31.6 / 0.07
Moderate parodontitis / 5.6 / 5.9 / 0.91 / 46.4 / 23.8 / 0.008
Severe parodontitis / 7.3 / 2.2 / 0.07 / 42.3 / 15.3 / 0.0006
High caries risk / 8.6 / 6.9 / 0.64 / 23.1 / 12.3 / 0.02
High parodontitis risk / 8.6 / 3.8 / 0.14 / 33.3 / 15.0 / 0.003
High risk for restaurations / 13.8 / 9.3 / 0.31 / 53.9 / 44.5 / 0.22
Red epithelium (any location) / 12.1 / 1.7 / 0.0008 / 7.7 / 4.9 / 0.47
Leucoplakia (any location) / 27.6 / 4.1 / 0.0001 / 15.4 / 5.1 / 0.02
Smokers were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group.
238 individuals with no teeth were excluded.
310 SEK, Swedish krona is equivalent to 1.1 Euro.
Table 4. Dental health among users of wet snuff tobacco (n=97) and non-users (n=804) in a multivariate model.
Odds ratio1 / 95% CI1 / Odds ratio2 / 95%CI2
Fickor (no) / p=0.001 / p=0.001
Moderate periodontitis / 2.05 / 1.06-3.81 / 2.02 / 0.94-4.17
Severe periodontitis / 4.27 / 2.07-8.84 / 4.17 / 1.90-8.98
High periodontitis risk / 2.81 / 1.51-5.06 / 2.51 / 1.26-4.86
High caries risk / 1.88 / 0.97-3.48 / 1.48 / 0.69-2.95
Leucoplakia (any location) / 5.71 / 3.13-10.27 / 5.33 / 2.75-10.18
Red epithelium (any location) / 3.64 / 1.59-7.80 / 4.98 / 2.07-11.38
Smokers were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group (35, 50, 65, 75 and 85 years of age).
2Adjusted for age group, ‘tooth status is important for quality of life’, at least one prescribed medicine,university education, poor economy, toothbrushing at least once/day, dental floss use.
Table 5. General characteristics among in smokers and non-smoker
(users=58, non-users=297) / 65, 75 or 85 years of age1
(users=65, non-users=469)
Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value / Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value
Good general health / 73.7 / 94.6 / 0.0001 / 73.7 / 83.8 / 0.0001
Tooth status is important for quality of life / 66.5 / 73.0 / 0.25 / 69.8 / 79.0 / 0.11
At least one prescribed medicine / 44.8 / 19.9 / 0.0001 / 60.0 / 72.4 / 0.04
Health foods user / 22.8 / 21.0 / 0.75 / 23.1 / 29.9 / 0.25
Employed / 48.3 / 81.5 / 0.0001 / - / - / -
Unemployed / 12.1 / 5.1 / 0.06 / - / - / -
University education / 15.8 / 40.0 / 0.0002 / 6.3 / 11.4 / 0.19
High socioeconomic status / 25.0 / 45.1 / 0.008 / - / - / -
Wet snuff users were excluded
1Adjusted for age group
Table 5. Dental history among smokers and non-smokers.
35 or 50 years of age(users=58, non-users=297) / 65, 75 or 85 years of age1,
(users=65, non-users=469)2
Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value / Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value
Toothlessness / 0.0 / 0.0 / - / 12.0 / 5.4 / 0.10
Dental care at least once/year / 43.1 / 52.9 / 0.17 / 62.5 / 70.9 / 0.03
No dental care due to poor economy / 55.2 / 20.6 / 0.0001 / 25.4 / 10.1 / 0.001
Fear of dentists / 12.0 / 8.2 / 0.60 / 12.5 / 2.5 / 0.61
Any teeth problems / 50.9 / 23.5 / 0.0001 / 42.2 / 19.6 / 0.0001
Mouth dryness / 43.1 / 19.2 / 0.0002 / 33.9 / 32.9 / 0.56
Chewing problems / 8.6 / 0.7 / 0.001 / 6.2 / 1.1 / 0.0005
Satisfied with teeth appearance / 66.7 / 86.3 / 0.0001 / 77.1 / 90.8 / 0.004
Toothbrushing at least once/day / 84.5 / 89.9 / 0.25 / 89.2 / 90.1 / 0.97
User of:
mellanrumsborste? / 8.8 / 4.8 / 0.25 / 27.7 / 29.8 / 0.80
Tooth picks / 19.3 / 12.4 / 0.18 / 32.8 / 46.7 / 0.09
Dental floss / 15.8 / 15.2 / 0.91 / 12.3 / 15.1 / 0.43
Fluor rinsing or tablets / 13.8 / 14.4 / 0.90 / 17.2 / 22.0 / 0.93
Tobacco information at last
dental care visit / 46.6 / 10.7 / 0.0001 / 40.7 / 4.5 / 0.0001
Dental care expenses >2000 SEK
during last year3 / 21.4 / 13.1 / 0.12 / 24.6 / 22.9 / 0.99
Wet snuff users were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group.
238 individuals with no teeth were excluded.
310 SEK, Swedish krona is equivalent to 1.1 Euro.
Table 6. Dental status among smokers and non-smokers.
(users=45, non-users=264) / 65, 75 or 85 years of age1,
(users=64, non-users=366)2
Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value / Users
% / Non-users
% / p-value
Number of teeth / 26.0 / 29.2 / 0.0001 / 19.7 / 21.5 / 0.0001
Number of intact teeth / 12.8 / 19.4 / 0.0001 / 6.4 / 5.8 / 0.09
Toothelessness / 0.0 / 0.0 / - / 12.0 / 5.4 / 0.01
Filled surfaces (no.) / 31.5 / 18.3 / 0.0001 / 42.3 / 48.8 / 0.02
Filled surfaces/tooth / 1.25 / 0.64 / 0.0001 / 2.2 / 2.4 / 0.61
Caries (any) / 46.7 / 32.6 / 0.07 / 38.6 / 38.0 / 0.38
Pockets/tooth / 0.05 / 0.007 / 0.0001 / 0.13 / 0.040 / 0.0001
Any pockets / 20.0 / 8.7 / 0.04 / 65.9 / 29.0 / 0.0001
Moderate periodontitis3 / 13.5 / 4.6 / 0.05 / 55.6? / 22.1 / 0.0001
Severe periodontitis3 / 20.0 / 1.2 / 0.0001 / 58.6? / 13.6
High caries risk / 17.8 / 5.7 / 0.01 / 15.9 / 12.6 / 0.10
High periodontitis risk / 13.3 / 1.5 / 0.0007 / 61.4 / 13.9 / 0.0001
High risk for restaurations / 35.6 / 7.2 / 0.0001 / 59.1 / 44.3 / 0.02
Red epithelium (any location) / 2.2 / 1.5 / 0.74 / 6.8 / 5.7 / 0.30
Leucoplakia (any location) / 6.7 / 4.9 / 0.64 / 11.4 / 4.4 / 0.0001
Wet snuff users were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group.
238 individuals with no teeth were excluded.
3Compared to no parodontit.
Table 7. Dental health among smokers (n=89) and non-smokers (n=630) in a multivariate model.
Odds ratio1 / 95% CI1 / Odds ratio2 / 95%CI2
Fickor (no) / p=0.0001 / p=0.0001
Moderate periodontitis / 4.40 / 2.27-8.65 / 5.03 / 2.51-10.13
Severe periodontitis / 12.98 / 6.26-28.09 / 9.62 / 4.55-20.92
High periodontitis risk / 10.71 / 5.61-21.11 / 7.73 / 4.00-15.16
High caries risk / 2.96 / 1.47-5.78 / 2.13 / 1.03-4.25
Leucoplakia (any location) / 2.20 / 0.88-5.04 / 1.38 / 0.55-3.12
Wet snuff users were excluded.
1Adjusted for age group (35, 50, 65, 75 and 85 years of age).
2Adjusted for age group, general health, ‘tooth status is important for quality of life’, at least one prescribed medicine,university education, poor economy, dental care at least once per year.