Metro HSIB Biology

SIB Fall Exam I

Chapter 2: Cells

Cells Theory

Functions of Life:

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  • metabolism
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • response
  • homeostasis
  • nutrition

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Cell Reproduction & Differentiation: stem cells vs. fully differentiated cells

Cell Sizes: differences between prokayotes & eukaryotes

Compare Characteristics of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (plants vs. animals)

**Which cells contain what structures??

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  • nucleus?
  • Plasmids?
  • cell wall?
  • plasma membrane?
  • organelles?
  • flagella?
  • pilli?
  • ribosomes (70S vs. 80S)?
  • mitochondria?
  • growth via binary fission?
  • growth via mitosis?
  • chloroplasts?
  • central vacuole?
  • smooth ER?
  • rough ER?

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**Please note that you must understand the basic functions of all of the above structures!

When Comparing/Contrasting Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (plants vs. animals)

which are heterotrophs? autotrophs?

which cells/organisms engage in sexual reproduction? asexual reproduction?

Analysis of the Basic Nature & Structure of Cell Membranes:

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  • phospholipid bi-layer (polar heads/non-polar tails)?
  • integral proteins (channels/ATPase/hormone receptors)
  • glycoproteins (immune system ID tags)
  • cholesterol (structure)

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Analysis of Membrane Proteins:

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  • bind hormones
  • active transport of ions across membranes
  • passive transport(CO2/O2)
  • channels for facilitated transport(glucose transport/H2O)

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Analysis of the Basic Mechanisms of Transport across Cell Membranes:

-energy independent passive transport (relies on simple diffusion)

-energy independent facilitated diffusion (simple diffusion & membrane channels). Examples?

- energy dependent active transport (NA+/K+ pump /E.T.C. H+ ion channels)

Be able to draw membranes and associated proteins: maybe a channel? A pump?

Compare and Contrast Exocytosis vs. Endocytosis

  • function of the smooth ER & Golgi apparatus. Cis vs. Trans? Connection to nucleus?

Analysis of Cell Division: Compare & Contrast Mitosis/Meiosis

Interphase: what happens here?

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  • G1
  • S
  • G2

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Mitosis: what happens in the different stages?

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  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase

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Cytokinesis

*What controls movement through the cell cycle?

*Recognize all cellular components associated w/ cell division. (centrosomes/spindle microtubules etc.)

*Meiosis: remember cross over & independent assortment. What are these? Why important? When?

Chromosome Structure:

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  • sister chromatids/homologous chromosomes
  • centromeres
  • metaphase vs. anaphase chromosomes
  • histones/nucleosomes

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Chapter 8: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

Cellular Chemical Reactions (mediated by enzymes).

oxidation/reduction reactions

Chloroplasts & mitochondria: similarities between the two?

Respiration

  • anaerobic vs. aerobic
  • Glycolysis (where does it happen? what is the result?)
  • **remember NAD+ vs. NADH and FAD+ vs. FADH2 (unreduced form vs. reduced form?)
  • glucose > fructose-1,6-bisphosphate > glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate > pyruvate(What is produced/ where does this occur?)
  • What is lactic acid (when might it build up on muscles?)
  • Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA (what is produced? where does this occur?). Link Rxns?
  • Krebs cycle...Acetyl CoA + 4 Carbon Oxaloacetate > 6 carbon Citrate
  • (what is produced in Krebs? where does this occur? Why is it a cycle?)
  • ATP synthesis via electron transport chain & chemiosmosis). What causes movement of electrons? Could it be electronegativity?
  • If no oxygen present, anaerobic respiration? Lactate or ethanol & CO2, in which organsisms

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis: light rxns. vs. dark rxns. Relationship between the two?
  • basics of the light spectrum: 680 nm and 700 nm. What absorbed? What reflected?
  • anatomy of a chloroplast
  • what is in the reaction centers of the photosystems? In the antennae around the reaction centers?
  • **remember NADP+ vs. NADPH (unreduced form vs. reduced form?)
  • ATP synthesis & the ETC (what are H+ ions? Where from? Where do they go?)
  • Photosystem I. vs. Photosystem II. (which one makes ATP/NADPH?)
  • Calvin cycle... CO2 + 5 carbon RuBP > 6 carbon “intermediate” > Glycerate 3-phosphate > Triose Phosphate > 6 carbon Glucose
  • (study the rxn. carefully... some Triose Phosphate is recycled!...some Triose phosphate goes to making RuBP and so goes towards making what?
  • RuBisCO: why so well loved? What does it do? What is it famous for?
  • Photolysis? Photophosphorylation?

Action & absorption spectra of photosynthesis: relationship between wavelength absorption & photosynthetic rates

Factors affecting photosynthesis: Light & CO2 & Temperature

Cyclic photophosphorylation

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