Respiratory System Notes
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
- To supply the body with ______and dispose of ______
- Respiration – four distinct processes must happen
- Pulmonary ventilation – moving air into and out of the ______
- External (______) respiration – gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
- Transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and ______
- Internal (______) respiration – gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Function of Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea
- Respiratory passageways allow air to pass directly into some of the most ______tissue in thebody
- air must be ______
- dust and smoke get trapped by ______and the hairs (______) lining the entrance to the nasal cavity
- these are swept away from the ______and to the pharynx
- either ______or spit out
Larynx (______)
- The functions of the larynx are:
- To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
-______– elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
- To function in ______production
Bronchi
- Air reaching the bronchi (plural of ______) is:
- Warm and cleansed of ______
- Saturated with ______vapor
- Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe (______) of the lungs
- Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
- Bronchi ____________
Air Passages in Lungs
Alveoli
- Alveoli – millions of tiny air ______
- Grouped in little clusters, like bunches of ______
- Surrounded by delicate network of thin-walled ______
- Site of ______
Alveoli (site of gas exchange) and Respiratory Membrane
Lungs
- Cardiac notch (impression) – cavity that accommodates the ______
- Left lung – separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure
- Right lung – separated into ______lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures
Blood Supply to Lungs
- Pulmonary arteries – supply blood to be ______
- Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the ______
Pleura
- Pulmonary pleura
- Covers the external ______surface
- Divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers
- The central portion
- Two compartments, each containing a ______
Breathing
- Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consists of two phases
- ______– air flows into the lungs
- ______event
- ______– gases exit the lungs
- ______event
Inspiration
- The diaphragm and rib muscles ______and the rib cage ______
- The lungs are stretched and lung volume ______
- Increased volume ______air in to fill extra volume of the lungs
Expiration
- Rib muscles ______and the rib cage descends due to gravity
- Volume ______
- Gases flow ______the lungs down the pressure gradient
The Act of Breathing
Pressure Relationships
- Only works because the chest cavity is ______
- When the chest is punctured, the lungs may not draw in air when the diaphragm contracts (as would normally happen during inhalation)
- “______chest wound”
- Lung may ______
- Once sealed (with ______chest seal) the lungs will expand again
Factors That Lessen Lung Capacity
- Scar tissue or ______that reduces the natural resilience of the lungs
- Blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with mucus or ______
- Decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased ability to ______
Dead Space
- Anatomical dead space – volume of the respiratory passages (150 ml) from mouth and through the ______
- Does not include ______
- ______can cause passing out
- Small breaths only fill and empty this empty space from the mouth through the trachea
Tobacco
- Substances in tobacco
- The most dangerous: nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar
- Nicotine – ______drug that increases the heart rate and blood pressure
- Carbon monoxide – poisonous gas that blocks the transport of ______by hemoglobin in the blood
- Decreases the blood’s ability to supply oxygen to its ______
- Tar – contains a number of compounds that have been shown to cause ______
- Smoking tobacco – keeps the body from being able to ______inhaled particles
- These particles stick to the ______of the respiratory tract or enter the lungs
- Smoke-laden ______becomes trapped along the airways
- Causes ______
- Smoking can cause the lining of the respiratory tract to ______
Diseases Caused by Smoking
- Smoking can cause respiratory diseases like chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer
- Chronic bronchitis – bronchi become swollen and ______with mucus
- Emphysema – loss of ______in the tissues of the lung
- Cannot get enough ______in, or get ______out
- Lung cancer – can easily be spread (______) to other parts of the body
- Heart disease – constricts (______) the blood vessels
- This leads to higher ______
Surface Area and Thickness of the Respiratory Membrane
- Respiratory membranes:
- Are only 0.5 to 1 m thick, allowing for efficient ______
- Thicken if lungs become ______, whereby gas exchange is inadequate and ______deprivation results
- Decrease in surface area with ______, when walls of adjacent alveoli break through