Edited by Christopher M. U. Neale & Michael H. Cosh

Contents xii

Remote Sensing
and Hydrology

Edited by Christopher M. U. Neale & Michael H. Cosh

IAHS Publ. 352 (2012) ISBN 978-1-907161-27-8, 482 + xvi pp. Price £97.00

Remote sensing continues to expand the ability of scientists to study hydrological processes. With each new technological development, more of the hydrological cycle is revealed. This impacts both the scientific understanding of hydrological processes and the models used for forecasting, and so the ability to improve decision-making processes and other applications is increasing. This compendium of more than 100 papers, an outcome of the latest ICRS International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology (Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA, Sept 2010), reviews the status of technologies and highlights new directions and opportunities for hydrological remote sensing.

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Preface

Remote sensing is expanding the ability of scientists to study hydrological processes. With each new technological development, more of the hydrological cycle is revealed. This impacts both the scientific understanding of hydrological processes and of the models used for forecasting. In addition, the ability to improve decision-making processes and other applications are increasing. It is appropriate at this time to review the status of technologies and determine new directions and opportunities for the next step in hydrological remote sensing.

Satellite, aircraft and ground-based systems are the dominant platforms for remote sensing, from the largest to smallest spatial and temporal resolution. Frequently, a remote sensing technology is begun with a ground-based system and migrated up the platform hierarchy as its utility is demonstrated and proven to be feasible. Ultimate satellite platforms that have developed in this way include those for soil moisture, which graduated from tower- and truck-based sensors to aircraft and eventually satellite instruments, such as NASA’s AMSR-E and ESA’s SMOS. Another method of remote sensing advancement is the co-opting of a system for an additional purpose. NASA’s GRACE satellite constellation was primarily a gravity measurement mission, but it was quickly realized that it could also measure water storage anomalies over land, which are equated to groundwater change. The next generations of satellite missions are likely in development now, as either ground or aircraft based sensors, or they are being designed in the imaginations of scientists and engineers.

Among the hydrological parameters being estimated by remote sensing are soil moisture, evapotranspiration, surface temperature, vegetation distribution and characteristics, snow-pack properties as well as mapping of invasive species that compete for water resources. A combination of satellite and airborne instruments have been used to retrieve these hydrological parameters that, when coupled with new techniques such as airborne and ground-based Lidar, and recently developed methods of surface energy balance flux measurements such as scintillometers and eddy covariance systems, have resulted in the advancement of applications and modelling of the hydrological cycle.

These topic areas and the applications that integrate them into decision systems and models were among the sessions included in the program for the Remote Sensing and Hydrology Symposium, in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 27–30 September 2010. This conference was organized by the International Commission on Remote Sensing of IAHS. The Symposium was attended by over 180 people including 48 students, and there were 152 oral presentations and 51 poster presentations. The key note presentations were given by Dr Christa Peters-Lidard, Branch Head, Hydrological Sciences Research, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and Dr Massimo Menenti, Professor and Chair of Optical and Laser Remote Sensing, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

The oral paper presentations were distributed in three concurrent sessions with 20 minute slots. Session topics included: Data Assimilation, Surface Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration Modelling, New Satellite Missions, General Applications, Model Validation Issues using Surface Flux Measurements, GIS Applications, Scintillometry, Lidar Applications, Monitoring Invasive Species, Flood Forecasting and Management, Microwave Applications, Advances in

Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing, Soil Moisture Algorithms, Application of Vegetation Indices for Evapotranspiration Modeling, Glaciers and Snow, and Irrigation Water Management.

This IAHS Red Book is a compendium of papers presented at the Remote Sensing and Hydrology Symposium. The papers were reviewed by an English editor and by peers for technical content and are grouped following the session topics at the Symposium.

Editors

Christopher M. U. Neale

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA

Michael H. Cosh

USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory
Beltsville, Maryland, USA

The Symposium Chair was Dr Christopher M. U. Neale, VP of ICRS and Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University. The technical committee included:

William P. Kustas (USDA-ARS)

Richard de Jeu (VU University Amsterdam)

Christopher M.U. Neale (Utah State University)

Thomas Jackson (USDA-ARS)

Wade T. Crow (USDA-ARS)

Martha Anderson (USDA-ARS)

Hendrik A. R. de Bruin (Scintec)

Christopher Hopkinson (Nova Scotia Community College)

John H. Prueger (USDA-ARS)

Michael H. Cosh (USDA-ARS)

Yangbo Chen (Sun Yat-Sen University, China)

Joseph G. Alfieri (USDA-ARS)

Organizing Committee at Utah State University:

Christopher Neale

Saleh Taghvaeian

Robert Gerber

Symposium webpage: http://www.remotesensinghydrology.org/

International Commission on Remote Sensing of IAHS, 2007–2011:

Ian David Cluckie, ICRS President

Alain Pietroniro, ICRS Past-President

Frédérique Seyler, ICRS Vice-President

Claude Duguay, ICRS Vice-President

Christopher Neale, ICRS Vice-President

Yangbo Chen, ICRS Secretary

Contents

Preface by Christopher M. U. Neale and Michael H. Cosh / v
1 /

REMOTE SENSING DEVELOPMENT

Soil moisture algorithms and retrieval

Assessment of soil moisture retrieval with numerical weather prediction model temperatures Thomas R. H. Holmes, Wade T. Crow, Thomas J. Jackson,
Richard A. M. de Jeu, Rolf H. Reichle & Michael H. Cosh / 3
Soil moisture retrieval using multi-channel passive microwave measurements through improved radiative transfer modelling Alok K. Sahoo, Ming Pan & Eric F. Wood / 7
Near-surface soil moisture estimation using AMSR-E brightness temperature
D. Al-Shrafany, D. Han & M. A. Rico-Ramirez / 11
Improving satellite soil moisture estimates by combining passive and active microwave observations (1992–2008) Yi Liu, Robert Parinussa, Wouter Dorigo, Richard de Jeu, Wolfgang Wagner, Matthew McCabe, Jason Evans & Albert van Dijk / 16
SMOS soil moisture validation with dense networks: preliminary results
Thomas. J. Jackson, Rajat Bindlish, Michael H. Cosh & Tanjie Zhao / 21
Evaluation of SMOS soil moisture with other existing satellite products Richard de Jeu, Thomas Holmes, Wolfgang Wagner, Wouter Dorigo, Sebastian Hahn & Robert Parinussa / 25
Evaluating remotely-sensed surface soil moisture estimates using triple collocation Wade T. Crow, Michael H. Cosh & Diego G. Miralles / 29
Using agricultural in situ soil moisture networks to validate satellite estimates
Michael H. Cosh, John Prueger & Thomas J. Jackson / 34
Validation of the soil moisture measurement algorithm of AMSR-E Icirow Kaihotsu, Toshio Koike, Hideyuki Fujii, Tsutomu Yamanaka, Oyunbaatar Dambaravjaa,
Azzaya Dorgorsuren & Kazuaki Shiraishi / 38
Towards a better monitoring of soil moisture using a combination of estimates from passive microwave and thermal observations Zulamet Vega-Martínez, Marouane Temimi, Martha C. Anderson, Christopher Hain, Nir Krakauer, Robert Rabin & Reza Khanbilvardi / 42
Using global land surface emissivity as soil moisture indicator
H. Norouzi, M. Temimi & R. Khanbilvardi / 46
Advances in thermal-infrared remote sensing
Field thermal infrared emissivity dependence on soil moisture Juan M. Sánchez, Andrew N. French, Maria Mira, Douglas Hunsaker, Kelly Thorp, Enric Valor &
Vicente Caselles / 50
Monitoring the dynamic geohydrology of the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park: an integration of airborne thermal infrared and LiDAR Imagery
C. Jaworowski, H. P. Heasler, C. M. U. Neale , S. Sivarajan & A. Masih / 54
Estimation of surface energy fluxes in vineyard using field measurements of canopy and soil temperature M. P. González-Dugo, J. González-Piqueras, I. Campos, C. Balbontín & A. Calera / 59

Glaciers and snow

Effectiveness of four water-bearing zones of the glacierized basin in meltwater runoff modelling Umesh K. Haritashya / 63
Snow cover and stream discharge in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA, 1970–2009 Dorothy K. Hall, James L. Foster, Nicolo E. Digirolamo, Jonathan S. Barton &
George A. Riggs / 67
2 / SURFACE HEAT FLUXES
Surface energy balance / ET modelling
Refining components of a satellite-based surface energy balance model to complex
land-use systems Richard G. Allen, Jeppe H. Kjaersgaard, Ricardo Trezza, A. Oliveira,
C. Robison & I. Lorite-Torres / 73
Long-term global evapotranspiration from remote sensing Raghuveer K. Vinukollu, Alok Sahoo, Justin Sheffield & Eric F. Wood / 76
ET estimation for olive orchards using satellite-based energy balance and ET simulation Cristina Santos, Ignacio J. Lorite, Masahiro Tasumi & Richard G. Allen / 80
Seasonal evapotranspiration mapping using Landsat visible and thermal data with an energy balance approach in central Nebraska Ayse Irmak, I. Ratcliffe, P. Ranade,
J. S. Irmak, R. G. Allen, J. Kjaersgaard, B. Kamble, R. Choragudi, K. G. Hubbard,
R. Singh, D. Mutiibwa & N. Healey / 84
Two different remote sensing techniques for monitoring crop coefficient and water requirement of cotton Saleh Taghvaeian, Christopher M. U. Neale,
Carlos A. C. Dos Santos, Doyle Watts, John Osterberg & Subramania I. Sritharan / 89
Adjusting for background soil evaporation when interpolating evapotranspiration between satellite overpass dates Jeppe Kjaersgaard, Richard Allen, Clarence Robison, Ayse Irmak, Ian Ratcliffe, Pari Ranade, Ricardo Trezza, Ramesh Dhungel & Eric Kra / 94
Implementation of SEBAL algorithm with Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 in lower Colorado River Basin Xiaofang Wei, Subramania I. Sritharan, Ramani Kandiah,
John Osterberg, Christopher Neale, Keith Farrow & John Davenport / 98
Filling satellite image cloud gaps to create complete images of evapotranspiration
Jeppe Kjaersgaard, Richard Allen, Ricardo Trezza, Clarence Robison, Aureo Oliveira, Ramesh Dhungel & Eric Kra / 102
Comparison of ET from two remote sensing-based surface energy models in
south central Nebraska O. Z. Akasheh, A. Irmak, S. Irmak, I. Ratcliffe, R. Singh,
P. Ranade & P. H. Gowda / 106
Reference crop evapotranspiration estimated from geostationary satellite imagery
H. A. R. de Bruin, Isabel F. Trigo, P. Gavilan, A. Martínez-Cob & M. P. González-Dugo / 111
Satellite-only latent heat flux estimation Kaniska Mallick & Andrew Jarvis / 115
ETLook: a novel continental evapotranspiration algorithm H. Pelgrum, I. J. Miltenburg, M. J. M. Cheema, A. Klaasse & W. G. M. Bastiaanssen / 120
Analysis of energy flux estimations over Italy using time-differencing models based on thermal remote sensing data C. Cammalleri, M. C. Anderson, G. Ciraolo, G. D’Urso, W. P. Kustas, C. Hain, L. Schultz & J. R. Mecikalski / 124
Validation of the global evapotranspiration algorithm (MOD16) in two contrasting tropical land cover types Anderson L. Ruhoff, Walter Collischonn, Adriano R. Paz, Humberto R. Rocha, Luiz E. O. C. Aragao, Yadvinder Malhi, Qiaozhen Mu &
Steve W. Running / 128
Integration of multi-scale thermal satellite imagery for evaluation of daily evapotranspiration at sub-field scales M. C. Anderson, W. P. Kustas, W. P. Dulaney,
F. Gao & D. Sumner / 132
Atmospheric correction of Landsat TM imagery for evapotranspiration estimation in the lower Colorado River basin Xiaofang Wei, Subramania I. Sritharan, Andy French, David Eckhardt, Ramani Kandiah & Andre Morton / 137
Applying remotely-sensed energy balance models in Iran: potentials and limitations Samaneh Poormohammadi, Mohammad H. Rahimian & Saleh Taghvaeian / 141
Utility of the thermal-based Dual-Temperature-Difference technique under strongly advective conditions during BEAREX08 William P. Kustas, Joseph G. Alfieri,
Martha C. Anderson, Paul D. Colaizzi, John H. Prueger, Jose L. Chavez,
Christopher M. U. Neale, Wayne Dulaney, Steven R. Evett, Karen S. Copeland &
Terry A. Howell / 145
Towards an improved mapping of evapotranspiration in semi-arid regions
Mustafa Gokmen, Christiaan van der Tol, Zoltán Vekerdy, Wouter Verhoef,
Okke Batelaan & Hasan Z. Sarikaya / 149
Modelling evapotranspiration by remote sensing parameters and agro-meteorological stations Antonio H. de C. Teixeira / 154
Modelling sensible heat flux for sparse arid natural ecosystems using multispectral video imagery Seifeldin H. Abdalla & Christopher M. U. Neale / 158
Custom software application for analysing urban landscape water use Adrian P. Welsh, Christopher M. U. Neale, Joanna Endter-Wada, & Roger K. Kjelgren / 162
Determination of surface resistance to evapotranspiration by remote sensing parameters in the semi-arid region of Brazil for land-use change analyses Antonio H. de C. Teixeira / 167
Spatial EvapoTranspiration Modelling Interface (SETMI) Hatim M. E. Geli & Christopher M. U. Neale / 171
Local and global sensitivity analysis on METRIC A. Irmak, R. Kumar & R. E. Allen / 175

Scintillometry

Long path scintillometry: a brief review H. A. R. De Bruin & J. G. Evans / 180
The use of large aperture scintillometer and eddy covariance system for monitoring energy and water vapour fluxes over different surfaces in the Heihe River Basin, China Shaomin Liu, Ziwei Xu & Weizhen Wang / 184
Incorporating LIDAR data into scintillometer-based estimates of sensible heat flux considering different atmospheric stability conditions Hatim M. E. Geli,
Christopher M. U. Neale, Doyle R. Watts, John Osterberg & Robert T. Pack / 191
Estimating ET using scintillometers and satellites in an irrigated vineyard in the Costa De Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico M. Mulder, J. A. Lopez-Ibarra, C. J. Watts,
J. C. Rodriguez, O. K. Hartogensis & A. F. Moene / 195
Determining sensible and latent heat fluxes at satellite grid scales by two-wavelength scintillometry J. G. Evans, D. D. McNeil, R. J. Harding & H. A. R. De Bruin / 199

Model validation issues using surface flux measurements

Impact of pixel versus footprint approaches on empirically derived ET estimates from Landsat TM Lynn F. Fenstermaker, Richard L. Jasoni, Jay A. Arnone III &
Dale A. Devitt / 202
Ground-based riparian evapotranspiration measurements for remote sensing algorithms Ramanitharan Kandiah, Xiaofang Wei, Subramania Sritharan, Doyle Watts, Christopher Neale, John Osterberg & Sumantra Chatterjee / 206
How representative is a point? The spatial variability of flux measurements across short distances Joseph G. Alfieri & Peter D. Blanken / 210
A comparison of the eddy covariance and lysimetry-based measurements of the surface energy fluxes during BEAREX08 Joseph G. Alfieri, William P. Kustas,
John H. Prueger, Jose L. Chavez, Steven R. Evett, Christopher M. U. Neale,
Martha C. Anderson, Lawrence E. Hipps, Karen S. Copeland, Terry A. Howell,