SOL Review – VUS.10,11

The War Begins
  • World War II began in September of _1__ when Adolf Hitler invaded _2__. It was also invaded by _3__, which also invaded the Baltic countries.
  • During the first two years of WWII, _4_ was officially neutral.
  • Hitler was successful during the early part of the war. He quickly overran _5__ and most of the rest of Europe. He attached Britain by aid in August of 1940 in an attack known as the _6_.
  • In mid-1941, Hitler turned on his former ally, _7__.
  • When the war began the US was neutral and favored _8__. However, as the war continued the US began to help _9__ by providing war supplies and old warships in exchange for military bases in _10__ and the _11__ Sea. This was known as the _12__ Act. President _13__ compared this program to “lending a _14_ to a next door neighbor whose house is on fire.”
  • During the 1930s, Japan invaded _15__ and _16__ in an attempt to dominate Asia and acquired the _17__ it needed for its growing industries.
  • The _18__ refused to recognize these Japanese conquests and imposed an _19__ on exports of oil and steel to Japan.
  • Tensions rose between the two countries and while negotiations were ongoing Japan attacked, without warning, the American naval base at _20__, Hawaii on _21__, 1941. This attack destroyed much of the American Pacific fleet and killed over 2,000 Americans. President _22__ referred to the day of the attach as a “_23__.”
  • The US _24__ then declared war on Japan. After this declaration, Hitler honored a pact with _25__ and declared war on the US. World War II was now a true world war and the US was fully involved, fighting a war on two fronts.
On The Homefront
  • During WWII, the US _26__ and private _27__ worked closely together to allocate resources in order to achieve victory. Goods such as meat and gasoline were _28__ because it was necessary to maintain supplies of essential products needed for the war effort. _29__ and the _30__ tax were used to help finance the war. Private businesses switched from peacetime to wartime production. A car manufacturer might now make _31__. As men entered the armed services, more _32__ and _33__ entered the wartime labor force. During the war about 5 million _34__ entered the workforce to replace men serving in the military. Women got the nickname “_35__.” Although after Pearl Harbor there were thousands of men who volunteered for military service, most men entered the armed forced through the selective service system, known as the _36__. Women also serviced in the armed forces as nurses, ambulance driver, pilots and mechanics but did not have duties that involved direct _37__. War plants opened in almost every major city in America. Therefore _38__ migrated to the cities to find jobs in war plants. African Americans were fighting for “double V” –victory in _39_ and _40_ at home. In 1942, President _41__ issued an order to have all Japanese Americans placed in _42__ camps away from the West Cost. There was a false belief that Japanese Americans were working for the _43__. In 1944, the Supreme Court upheld the imprisonment of Japanese Americans in the case of _44__. It was not until 1988 that the US government apologized and awarded _45__ in reparations to each survivor. The US government maintained strict _46__ of reporting on the war. Newspapers and magazines were not allowed to print articles or _47__ that were unfavorable to the US. Public morale and ad campaigns kept Americans focused on the _48__ effort. Posters were printed to encourage Americans to buy war _49__ and plant “_50__” gardens. The _51__ industry produced movies, plays and shows that boosted morale and patriotic support for the war. These mediums also portrayed the _52__ in an unfavorable light.
Fighting the War
  • The American war strategy involved defeating _53_ first, therefore most military resources were targeted for Europe.
  • In the Pacific, the American strategy was called _54__. This involved seizing strategic islands that could be used as bases for attacking _55__. Japanese supplies were cut off by using _56__ to disrupt Japanese shipping.
  • The Axis strategy involved quickly defeating the _57__ and capturing their oil fields, while forcing _58__ out of the war through the use of bombs and submarines before the industrial strength of the _59__ could turn the tide of the war.
  • Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, _60__ also invaded the Philippines and Indonesia and planned to invade Australia and Hawaii. It hoped that the US would accept these conquests rather than fight a bloody war to regain control in Southeast Asia.
  • German forces were defeated at the Battle of _61__ in North Africa. This Allied victory was vital because it prevented the Germans from seizing Egypt and the _62_ Canal. It also prevented Hitler from obtaining _63__ from the Middle East and kept him from invading the Soviet Union from the south.
  • A turning point in the war occurred when the Germans were defeated at the Battle of _64__ in the Soviet Union. This involved a month-long siege in which thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured. This defeat prevented Germany from seizing Soviet oil fields.
  • On June 6, 1944, American and Allied troops under the leadership of General _65_ carried out the largest invasion in history on the beaches of _66__. This date is commonly referred to as _67__.
  • In spite of heavy American casualties, the invasion mentioned above was successful in liberating Western Europe from _68__ control.
  • A major Allied victory in the Pacific was known as the “Miracle of _69__.” American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it tried to capture _70__ Island. The American victory ended the Japanese threat to _71__ and was the first in a series of American victories which carried the war closer to _72__.
  • Two of the most costly battles fought in the Pacific were fought in 1945 over control of the islands of _73_ and _74__. Both invasions cost thousands of American lives. Many more Japanese were killed as they fought in hand-to-hand combat over every inch of the islands. Many Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender.
  • The capture of_75_, only 350 miles from Japan, gave the US airbases from which to bomb Japanese cities such as _76__.
  • In the summer of 1945, President _77__ ordered the use of atomic bombs on the cities of _78__ and _79__ in an attempt to force a Japanese surrender. Thousands of Japanese civilians were killed by the bombs, but it is believed that the casualties ere far fewer than would have occurred if an invasion of Japan had been necessary. The Japanese agreed to surrender five days after the second bomb was dropped on the city of _80__.
  • During WWII, African Americans served in the armed forces but generally in _81__ or separate units. One African American unit which served with distinction was the 332nd Fighter Group. This unit was better known as the _82__. They fought in the European Theater, destroyed 251 enemy aircraft, won 850 medals and had 66 men killed in action. They did not lose a single bomber they escorted.
  • Second generation Japanese Americans were known as _83__. Over 20,000 Japanese Americans served in the armed forces during WWII. The 442nd Regimental Infantry Team was made up entirely of Japanese Americans. It was the most decorated unit in US military history. There were 4500 men in the unit and they received a total of 3900 individual decorations.
  • Another minority group that made an important contribution to the war effort was the _84_. They had an oral but not written language. This language was used to create a code that proved impossible for the _85__ to break. Approximately 400 _86__ Indians were trained as “code talkers” and worked with the marines in the Pacific Theater. These “code talkers” played a vital role in capturing the island of Iwo Jima.
  • Mexican Americans also fought in WWII but, unlike the African Americans and the Japanese Americans, their units were not _87__.
Treatment of Military and Minorities
  • The _88__ Conventions are a series of international treaties that guarantee basic human rights to those involved in war. The first such treaty was signed by 16 countries in 1864. These agreements attempted to insure the humane treatment of _89__ of war.
  • During WWII, treatment of prisoners in Europe more closely followed the ruled laid down by the _90__ Convention than did the treatment of prisoners in the Pacific.
  • In January 1942, the Japanese captured Manila, the capital of the _91__. Allied troops withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island where they surrendered and were taken prisoner. The Japanese led the prisoners on a brutal 65-mile march. Between 7,000 and 10,000 Allied prisoners died on what came to be known as the _92__ Death March. Japanese soldiers expected similar treatment from the Allies if captured, therefore they often committed _93__ rather than surrender.
  • In Europe, Hitler practiced _94__, or the systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group.
  • Hitler and the Nazis targeted several ethnic groups including _95_, _96_, _97_ and _98__. He also killed people that were considered “undesirable” such as _99__, the _100__ ill, and political dissidents. Hitler was most interested in destroying the _101__ population of Europe. His plan to do this was known as the _102__.
  • After the end of WWII, Nazi leaders were put on trial in the city of _103__, Germany. These trials emphasized individual responsibility during war regardless of orders received. Twenty-four leading Nazis were placed on trial. _104__ received the death sentence. In less publicized trials in Germany, 500000 Nazis of lower ranks were given prison sentences or fines. The publicity of the trials led to an increase in demand and support for a _105__ homeland.
  • War crime trials were held in _106__ where the wartime premier, _107__, was hanged along with several hundred other military personnel.
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